How does Italy position inside the European structure of trade relationships? How labour bilateral flows have changed over time? Which type of employment activity has been outsourced? Which insourced? Focusing on a three-country perspective, what are the employment bilateral relationships between Italy-Germany-Poland (descending periphery-core-ascending periphery)? To address these questions we develop a novel set of bilateral labour dependence indicators inside I-O production networks. Overall, we provide evidence of the reconfiguration of Italy as falling into the trap of GVC downgrading, with an increasing number of trade relationships in employment requirements, particularly in the most strategic productions, as insourced from abroad. The offshoring strategy conducted so far has resulted in a weakening of its internal production capacity and employment absorption, even more harshly when compared to other European countries.

意大利在欧洲贸易关系结构中的地位如何？随着时间的推移，劳动力双边流动发生了怎样的变化？哪种类型的就业活动已外包？哪个内包？着眼于三个国家的视角，意大利-德国-波兰之间的就业双边关系（外围下降-核心-上升外围）是怎样的？为了解决这些问题，我们在IO生产网络内开发了一套新颖的双边劳动力依赖指标。总体而言，我们提供的证据表明，意大利的重组陷入了全球价值链降级的陷阱，就业需求方面的贸易关系数量不断增加，特别是在最具战略意义的生产中，从国外采购。迄今为止实施的离岸战略导致了其内部生产能力和就业吸收的削弱，与其他欧洲国家相比，情况更为严重。