Coronavirus infectious disease-19 (COVID-19) is a pandemic characterized by serious lung disease and thrombotic events in the venous and circulation trees, which represent a harmful clinical sign of poor outcome. Thrombotic events are more frequent in patients with severe disease requiring intensive care units and are associated with platelet and clotting activation. However, after resolution of acute infection, patients may still have clinical sequelae, the so-called long-COVID-19, including thrombotic events again in the venous and arterial circulation. The mechanisms accounting for thrombosis in acute and long COVID-19 have not been fully clarified; interactions of COVID-19 with angiotensin converting enzyme 2 or toll-like receptor family or infection-induced cytokine storm have been suggested to be implicated in endothelial cells, leucocytes, and platelets to elicit clotting activation in acute as well in chronic phase of the disease. In acute COVID-19, prophylactic or full doses of anticoagulants exert beneficial effects even if the dosage choice is still under investigation; however, a residual risk still remains suggesting a need for a more appropriate therapeutic approach. In long COVID-19 preliminary data provided useful information in terms of antiplatelet treatment but definition of candidates for thrombotic prophylaxis is still undefined.

中文翻译：

---

COVID-19 和长期 COVID 血栓形成：从临床和基础科学到治疗学

冠状病毒传染病 19 (COVID-19) 是一种大流行病，其特征是严重的肺部疾病以及静脉和循环树中的血栓事件，这是预后不良的有害临床症状。血栓事件在需要重症监护病房的严重疾病患者中更为频繁，并且与血小板和凝血激活相关。然而，急性感染消退后，患者可能仍会出现临床后遗症，即所谓的长期COVID-19，包括静脉和动脉循环中再次出现血栓事件。急性和长期COVID-19中血栓形成的机制尚未完全阐明；研究表明，COVID-19 与血管紧张素转换酶 2 或 Toll 样受体家族的相互作用或感染诱导的细胞因子风暴与内皮细胞、白细胞和血小板有关，从而在疾病的急性期和慢性期引发凝血激活。在急性 COVID-19 中，即使剂量选择仍在研究中，预防性或全剂量的抗凝剂也能发挥有益作用；然而，残余风险仍然存在，表明需要更合适的治疗方法。长期以来，COVID-19 的初步数据提供了抗血小板治疗方面的有用信息，但血栓预防候选药物的定义仍不确定。