Urinary tract infections are the most common bacterial infections worldwide. Infections can range from mild, recurrent (rUTI) to complicated (cUTIs), and are predominantly caused by uropathogenic Escherichia coli (UPEC). Antibiotic therapy is important to tackle infection; however, with the continued emergence of antibiotic resistance there is an urgent need to monitor the use of effective antibiotics through better stewardship measures. Currently, clinical diagnosis of UTIs relies on empiric methods supported by laboratory testing including cellular analysis (of both human and bacterial cells), dipstick analysis and phenotypic culture. Therefore, development of novel, sensitive and specific diagnostics is an important means to rationalise antibiotic therapy in patients. This review discusses the current diagnostic landscape and highlights promising novel diagnostic technologies in development that could aid in treatment and management of antibiotic-resistant UTIs.

中文翻译：

---

尿路感染：当前诊断现状回顾

尿路感染是全世界最常见的细菌感染。感染的范围从轻度、复发性 (rUTI) 到复杂性 (cUTI)，主要由尿路致病性大肠杆菌(UPEC) 引起。抗生素治疗对于应对感染很重要；然而，随着抗生素耐药性的不断出现，迫切需要通过更好的管理措施来监测有效抗生素的使用。目前，尿路感染的临床诊断依赖于实验室测试支持的经验方法，包括细胞分析（人类和细菌细胞）、试纸分析和表型培养。因此，开发新颖、灵敏和特异的诊断方法是合理化患者抗生素治疗的重要手段。这篇综述讨论了当前的诊断前景，并强调了正在开发的有前景的新型诊断技术，这些技术可以帮助治疗和管理抗生素耐药性尿路感染。