This study compares the impact of trade openness on gross domestic product (GDP) growth and human development in a panel of the Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN) member states. Our results indicate that trade openness has a positive effect on GDP growth but a negative effect on human development. To mitigate this negative impact of trade openness on human development, we propose the roles of governance and foreign direct investment (FDI). Governance plays a moderated mediating role and FDI has a mediating role, collectively strengthening the positive effect of trade openness on economic development.

中文翻译：

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贸易开放的悖论：治理的调节中介作用

本研究比较了东南亚国家联盟 (ASEAN) 成员国的贸易开放对国内生产总值 (GDP) 增长和人类发展的影响。我们的研究结果表明，贸易开放对 GDP 增长有积极影响，但对人类发展有消极影响。为了减轻贸易开放对人类发展的负面影响，我们提出了治理和外国直接投资（FDI）的作用。治理发挥调节中介作用，FDI发挥中介作用，共同强化贸易开放对经济发展的积极作用。