OBJECTIVES The present study examined whether sociocultural risk factors (i.e., mothers' risky behaviors, mothers' and grandmothers' ethnic discrimination, and family economic hardship) predicted children's internalizing behaviors. We also tested whether sociocultural protective factors, including children's positive ethnic-racial identity (ERI) attitudes and mothers' cultural socialization, moderated relations. METHOD Participants were 182 5-year-old Mexican-origin children, their mothers, and grandmothers. RESULTS Findings indicated that children's positive ERI attitudes were protective, such that grandmothers' discrimination predicted children's greater internalizing at low levels of children's positive ERI attitudes, but this relation was not significant at high levels of children's positive ERI attitudes. Mothers' cultural socialization was also protective, such that mothers' risky behaviors predicted children's greater internalizing at low levels of mothers' cultural socialization, but this relation was not significant at high levels of mothers' cultural socialization. Economic hardship predicted children's greater internalizing and no variables moderated this relation. CONCLUSIONS Findings highlight that mothers' engagement in risky behaviors, grandmothers' ethnic discrimination experiences, and family economic hardship contribute to children's greater internalizing behaviors. However, in some of these relations, children's positive ERI attitudes and mothers' cultural socialization are protective. In future research and programming, a consideration of the role of individual, family, and cultural factors will be important for addressing and reducing children's internalizing behaviors. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2023 APA, all rights reserved).

中文翻译：

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儿童的民族种族认同和母亲的文化社会化对社会文化风险因素和儿童内化行为之间的关系具有保护作用。

目的 本研究探讨社会文化风险因素（即母亲的危险行为、母亲和祖母的种族歧视以及家庭经济困难）是否可以预测儿童的内化行为。我们还测试了社会文化保护因素，包括儿童积极的民族认同（ERI）态度和母亲的文化社会化，是否调节了关系。方法 参与者为 182 名 5 岁墨西哥裔儿童及其母亲和祖母。结果 研究结果表明，儿童的积极 ERI 态度具有保护性，因此，在儿童积极 ERI 态度水平较低时，祖母的歧视预示着儿童的内化程度更高，但在儿童积极 ERI 态度水平较高时，这种关系并不显着。母亲的文化社会化也具有保护性，因此母亲的冒险行为预示着孩子在母亲文化社会化水平较低的情况下会有更大的内化，但这种关系在母亲文化社会化水平较高的情况下并不显着。经济困难预示着儿童的内化程度更高，并且没有任何变量可以调节这种关系。结论 研究结果强调，母亲的危险行为、祖母的种族歧视经历以及家庭经济困难会导致儿童的行为更加内化。然而，在其中一些关系中，儿童积极的 ERI 态度和母亲的文化社会化是保护性的。在未来的研究和规划中，考虑个人、家庭和文化因素的作用对于解决和减少儿童的内化行为非常重要。（PsycInfo 数据库记录 (c) 2023 APA，保留所有权利）。