Existing research on prejudice and discrimination towards disabled people (i.e. ‘ableism’) has conceptualized it as a general attitude, obscuring the role of social context in its manifestation. We aimed to investigate whether and how ableism manifests differently depending on the nature of the disability, the disabled person's gender and the social context of the interaction. A nationally representative sample of 2000 adults read a series of vignettes about issues faced by disabled people (e.g. employment, relationships). Vignettes varied by presence and type of disability and the disabled person's gender. Judgements about how a disabled person was treated showed clear evidence of ableism towards some conditions (e.g. autism) but not others (e.g. a spine disorder). Judgements about the actions of a disabled person were more nuanced. A disability-gender intersectionality effect was observed for judgements about romantic relationships, with physically disabled women penalized compared to men but no gender difference was observed for intellectual disability. No intersectionality or ableism was observed on a vignette about refusing poorly paid work. We find clear evidence that ableism manifests differently depending on the nature of the individual's disability, their gender and the social context, questioning previous conceptualizations of ableism as a general attitude.

中文翻译：

---

能力主义因残疾、性别和社会背景而异：来自小插图实验的证据

现有关于对残疾人的偏见和歧视（即“体能主义”）的研究将其概念化为一种普遍态度，模糊了社会背景在其表现中的作用。我们的目的是调查残疾歧视是否以及如何根据残疾的性质、残疾人的性别和互动的社会背景而有不同的表现。具有全国代表性的 2000 名成年人样本阅读了一系列有关残疾人面临的问题（例如就业、人际关系）的小插曲。插图因残疾的存在和类型以及残疾人的性别而异。对残疾人如何对待的判断显示出对某些病症（例如自闭症）而非其他病症（例如脊柱疾病）的体能歧视的明确证据。对残疾人行为的判断更加细致。在对浪漫关系的判断中观察到残疾与性别交叉效应，与男性相比，身体残疾的女性受到惩罚，但在智力残疾方面没有观察到性别差异。在拒绝低薪工作的小插曲中没有观察到交叉性或体能歧视。我们发现明确的证据表明，根据个人残疾的性质、性别和社会背景，体能歧视的表现有所不同，这对之前将体能歧视视为普遍态度的概念提出了质疑。