BACKGROUND:Mulberry (Morus) from the Moraceae family is distributed widely in tropical to temperate regions of the world having economic and medicinal significance with exceptional nutritional characteristics. OBJECTIVES:Assessment of variations in sugars, acidity, minerals, total phenolics, anthocyanins and antioxidant potentials of three black mulberry (Morrus serrata, M. nigra and M. macroura black) and two white mulberry cultivars (M. alba and M. macroura white) during development stages. METHODS:Total sugars and acidity were evaluated with AOAC methods and total phenolic content was estimated with folin-ciocalteau method. Antioxidant activity was evaluated with DPPH assay, minerals were quantified with atomic absorption spectroscopy and anthocyanins were assessed and identified with high performance liquid chromatography and liquid chromatography-mass spectroscopy. RESULTS:Over all, M. alba (white cultivar) displayed maximum sugar (1.35%) at fruit development stage 3 (FDS-3) following M. serrata (black cultivar) at FDS-5 (1.1%) and M. macroura white (white cultivar) at FDS-4 (0.9%). Acidity decreased in M. alba (0.8–0.09%), M. nigra (0.8–0.03%) and M. macroura white (0.6–0.04%) during development. Total phenolic content was maximum (590 GAE/100 g) in M. nigra at FDS-6 and M. serrata (450 GAE/100 g) at FDS-7. Two black cultivars (M. serrata and M. nigra) showed significant increase in total anthocyanins (14.57–100.06 and 14.13–201.87 CGE/100 g FW) from FDS-1 to FDS-7 while decrease in M. macroura black and M. macroura white (17.07–11.79 and 9.03–2.68) from FDS-1 to FDS-7. The DPPH inhibition of black mulberries was pointedly greater with significant levels of iron, copper, zinc, calcium, magnesium, sodium, phosphorus and potassium than white cultivars during maturity. HPLC and LC-MS procedures identified various anthocyanins in all cultivars including cyanidin, malvidin, pelargonidin and delphinidin. CONCLUSIONS:Mulberries with improved nutrition, acceptable range of metals, bioactive compounds and higher antioxidant potentials could be significant against various diseases like cancer, cardiovascular problems, neurodegenerative disorders, obesity, diabetes and other metabolic syndromes.

中文翻译：

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五个桑树品种在果实发育阶段营养物质、矿物质、酚类物质和具有抗氧化潜力的花青素的比较变异性

背景：桑科桑树（Morus）广泛分布于世界热带至温带地区，具有特殊的营养特性，具有经济和药用价值。目的：评估三种黑桑（锯齿桑、黑桑和黑桑）和两种白桑品种（白桑和白桑）的糖、酸度、矿物质、总酚、花青素和抗氧化潜力的变化）在开发阶段。方法：采用AOAC法测定总糖和酸度，采用Folin-ciocalteau法测定总酚含量。用DPPH测定评估抗氧化活性，用原子吸收光谱定量矿物质，用高效液相色谱和液相色谱-质谱法评估和鉴定花青素。结果：总的来说，M. alba（白色品种）在果实发育第 3 阶段（FDS-3）显示出最大糖分（1.35%），其次是 M. serrata（黑色品种）在 FDS-5（1.1%）和 M. macroura 白色（白色品种）FDS-4 (0.9%)。在发育过程中，M. alba (0.8–0.09%)、M. nigra (0.8–0.03%) 和 M. Macroura White (0.6–0.04%) 的酸度下降。FDS-6 时黑芒草的总酚含量最高（590 GAE/100 g），FDS-7 时锯齿芒草（450 GAE/100 g）的总酚含量最高。从 FDS-1 到 FDS-7，两个黑色品种（M. serrata 和 M. nigra）的总花色苷（14.57–100.06 和 14.13–201.87 CGE/100 g FW）显着增加，而 M. macroura black 和 M. nigra 则减少。从 FDS-1 到 FDS-7，大乌拉白（17.07–11.79 和 9.03–2.68）。黑桑葚在成熟过程中对 DPPH 的抑制明显大于白桑葚，其铁、铜、锌、钙、镁、钠、磷和钾含量显着高于白桑葚。HPLC 和 LC-MS 程序鉴定出所有品种中的各种花青素，包括花青素、锦葵素、天竺葵素和飞燕草素。结论：桑葚具有改善的营养、可接受的金属范围、生物活性化合物和更高的抗氧化潜力，可以显着对抗癌症、心血管问题、神经退行性疾病、肥胖、糖尿病和其他代谢综合征等多种疾病。