To determine the effect of distributed practice (spacing out of study over time) and retrieval practice (recalling information from memory) on academic grades in health professions education and to summarise a range of interventional variables that may affect study outcomes. A systematic search of seven databases in November 2022 which were screened according to predefined inclusion criteria. The Medical Education Research Study Quality Instrument (MERSQI) and Newcastle-Ottawa Scale-Education (NOS-E) were used to critically appraise eligible articles. A summary of interventional variables includes article content type, strategy type, assessment type and delay and statistical significance. Of 1818 records retrieved, 56 were eligible for inclusion and included a total of 63 experiments. Of these studies, 43 demonstrated significant benefits of distributed practice and/or retrieval practice over control and comparison groups. Included studies averaged 12.23 out of 18 on the MERSQI and averaged 4.55 out of 6 on the NOS-E. Study designs were heterogeneous with a variety of interventions, comparison groups and assessment types. Distributed practice and retrieval practice are effective at improving academic grades in health professions education. Future study quality can be improved by validating the assessment instruments, to demonstrate the reliability of outcome measures. Increasing the number of institutions included in future studies may improve the diversity of represented study participants and may enhance study quality. Future studies should consider measuring and reporting time on task which may clarify the effectiveness of distributed practice and retrieval practice. The stakes of the assessments, which may affect student motivation and therefore outcomes, should also be considered.

中文翻译：

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卫生专业教育中分布式实践和检索实践的系统回顾。

确定分布式实践（随着时间的推移学习的间隔）和检索实践（从记忆中回忆信息）对卫生专业教育学术成绩的影响，并总结一系列可能影响研究结果的干预变量。2022 年 11 月对七个数据库进行了系统检索，这些数据库是根据预定义的纳入标准进行筛选的。医学教育研究质量工具（MERSQI）和纽卡斯尔-渥太华教育量表（NOS-E）用于严格评估合格的文章。干预变量的总结包括文章内容类型、策略类型、评估类型以及延迟和统计显着性。在检索到的 1818 条记录中，有 56 条符合纳入条件，总共包含 63 个实验。在这些研究中，43 项研究表明分布式练习和/或检索练习相对于对照组和对照组具有显着优势。纳入的研究在 MERSQI 上的平均分为 12.23（满分 18），在 NOS-E 上的平均分为 4.55（满分 6）。研究设计因干预措施、对照组和评估类型的不同而异质。分布式练习和检索练习可有效提高卫生专业教育的学术成绩。未来的研究质量可以通过验证评估工具来提高，以证明结果测量的可靠性。增加未来研究中纳入的机构数量可能会提高研究参与者的多样性，并可能提高研究质量。未来的研究应考虑测量和报告任务时间，这可能会阐明分布式练习和检索练习的有效性。还应该考虑评估的风险，这可能会影响学生的动机并因此影响结果。