Violence is a major adverse outcome associated with cocaine use. Brazil presents a unique case study with high levels of cocaine use. We present a systematized, comprehensive review of peer-reviewed studies investigating the association between cocaine product use and the perpetration or victimization of physical violence in Brazil since 2000. A systematized search strategy containing MeSH-based indexing terms focusing on cocaine use and physical violence was applied to five databases. Twenty-five studies were identified, comprising primarily quantitative-based investigations assessing associations of violence-related outcomes involving cocaine/crack-cocaine use in general, socially vulnerable, or treatment populations. Comparatively high levels of victimization or perpetration of violence in cocaine users were identified, including robbery, assault, homicide, and sexual abuse, and high rates of toxicology-positive tests for cocaine in victims of violent injuries or deaths (e.g., homicides). Violence outcomes appear to be disproportionately associated with cocaine use and represent a major component of cocaine use-related adverse outcomes for users and others in Brazil. Improved studies assessing factors associated with cocaine use and violence are necessary, also towards developing more effective intervention strategies to reduce the harm outcomes of cocaine use. The role of other psychoactive substance use influencing violence in cocaine users, especially alcohol, should be further investigated.

暴力是与可卡因使用相关的主要不良后果。巴西提供了一个可卡因使用量高的独特案例研究。我们对自 2000 年以来巴西可卡因产品使用与身体暴力实施或受害之间关系的同行评审研究进行了系统、全面的回顾。系统化搜索策略包含基于 MeSH 的索引术语，重点关注可卡因使用和身体暴力。应用于五个数据库。确定了 25 项研究，主要包括基于定量的调查，评估涉及一般人群、社会弱势群体或治疗人群使用可卡因/强效可卡因的暴力相关结果之间的关联。发现可卡因使用者受害或实施暴力的比例相对较高，包括抢劫、袭击、杀人和性虐待，暴力伤害或死亡（例如杀人）受害者的可卡因毒理学阳性检测率较高。暴力后果似乎与可卡因使用密切相关，并且是巴西使用者和其他人与可卡因使用相关的不良后果的主要组成部分。有必要改进评估与可卡因使用和暴力相关因素的研究，同时制定更有效的干预策略以减少可卡因使用的危害后果。应进一步研究其他精神活性物质的使用（尤其是酒精）对可卡因使用者暴力的影响。