Breathing is a natural daily action that one cannot do without, and it sensitively and intensely changes under various situations. What if this essential act of breathing can impact our overall well-being? Recent studies have demonstrated that breathing oscillations couple with higher brain functions, i.e., perception, motor actions, and cognition. Moreover, the timing of breathing, a phase transition from exhalation to inhalation, modulates specific cortical activity and accuracy in cognitive tasks. To determine possible respiratory roles in attentional and memory processes and functional neural networks, we discussed how breathing interacts with the brain that are measured by electrophysiology and functional neuroimaging: (i) respiration-dependent modulation of mental health and cognition; (ii) respiratory rhythm generation and respiratory pontomedullary networks in the brainstem; (iii) respiration-dependent effects on specific brainstem regions and functional neural networks (e.g., glutamatergic PreBötzinger complex neurons, GABAergic parafacial neurons, adrenergic C1 neurons, parabrachial nucleus, locus coeruleus, temporoparietal junction, default-mode network, ventral attention network, and cingulo-opercular salience network); and (iv) a potential application of breathing manipulation in mental health care. These outlines and considerations of “brain–breath” interactions lead to a better understanding of the interoceptive and cognitive mechanisms that underlie brain–body interactions in health conditions and in stress-related and neuropsychiatric disorders.

中文翻译：

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“大脑-呼吸”相互作用：呼吸时间依赖性对功能性大脑网络及其他方面的影响。

呼吸是人们离不开的一种自然的日常动作，它在不同的情况下会发生敏感而强烈的变化。如果呼吸这一重要行为会影响我们的整体健康怎么办？最近的研究表明，呼吸振荡与高级大脑功能（即感知、运动动作和认知）相结合。此外，呼吸的时间（从呼气到吸气的相变）调节特定的皮层活动和认知任务的准确性。为了确定呼吸在注意力和记忆过程以及功能性神经网络中可能的作用，我们讨论了呼吸如何与通过电生理学和功能性神经影像学测量的大脑相互作用：（i）呼吸依赖性的心理健康和认知调节；(ii) 脑干中呼吸节律的产生和呼吸桥延髓网络；(iii) 对特定脑干区域和功能神经网络（例如，谷氨酸能 PreBötzinger 复合体神经元、GABA 能面旁神经元、肾上腺素 C1 神经元、臂旁核、蓝斑、颞顶交界处、默认模式网络、腹侧注意网络等）的呼吸依赖性影响扣带盖显着网络）；(iv) 呼吸操纵在精神卫生保健中的潜在应用。这些对“脑-呼吸”相互作用的概述和考虑使人们更好地理解健康状况以及压力相关和神经精神疾病中脑-体相互作用的内感受和认知机制。