• Introduction:Revolution(s), Evolution(s), Circulation(s)
• Françoise Baillet (bio) and Kristin Kondrlik (bio)

The nineteenth-century press was marked by revolutions. Over the course of the century, technological innovation, business strategy, increasing literacy rates, developing networks of distribution, and the gradual elimination of the "taxes on knowledge" generated an explosion of print that reached out to all sectors of society. Technological advances, Graham Law writes, "revolutionized not only how goods such as periodicals were made but also how they were circulated, with the power of steam soon driving both press and railway."¹ In an age when expanding railways transformed landscapes, giving rise to fresh perceptions of time and space and allowing the products of industry, whether goods or services, to reach consumers almost instantly, human activity changed beyond recognition. As the industrial society became more complex and mobile, professional networks developed, creating wide national and transnational circulatory systems. In their layout and contents, nineteenth-century newspapers and magazines shaped and reflected these transformations, covering the far-reaching changes that marked the period, disseminating novel ideas, or addressing upheavals in class, gender, and race. Beyond the confines of the printed page, the production, design, editorship, and readership of the press also changed, sometimes dramatically, resulting within a few decades in a radically transformed offer to the reading public. New temporal and spatial connectivity patterns emerged between readers, groups, and media across a multiplicity of journalistic genres, styles, and publishing contexts.

The essays presented in this special issue were developed from papers delivered at the Research Society for Victorian Periodicals (RSVP) conference "Revolution(s), Evolution(s), Circulation(s)," hosted online by Temple University in September 2021. Originally, this conference theme had been slated for 2020 at an in-person conference at Temple's main campus in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. This setting, the capital city of the United [End Page 153] States during the American Revolution, seemed a fitting one to host discussions of the changing political, social, scientific, material, and social realities of the Victorian period, how Victorians responded to them, and how these responses circulated in or altered the nature of the press. When the original call for papers went out in late 2019, however, we could not have anticipated just how much the conference committee, organizers, and participants would need to "evolve" our own scholarship, work, and lives in the course of a few short months. The risks and upheaval caused by the COVID-19 pandemic meant that the RSVP executive board, headed by President Natalie Houston, made the difficult decision to postpone the conference until 2021, when we ultimately conducted the event virtually.

RSVP reacted quickly to the challenge of COVID-19 by evolving its approach to its planned in-person conference. During the days and times scheduled for the original conference in September 2020, RSVP held a series of "Digital Salons," which included an interview with 2020 Colby Prize winner Thomas Smits, a roundtable on digital humanities and periodical scholarship, a "Twitter Taster" previewing scholarly work by RSVP members, and an RSVP social hour. These virtual spaces—which RSVP continues to host on a regular basis—have provided new ways for periodicals scholars across the world to connect when in-person meetings are untenable. This flexibility and innovation carried over into the 2021 conference. Members of the conference committee (Laura Vorachek, John Morton, Françoise Baillet, and Kristin Kondrlik), the RSVP executive board, and the conference hosts at Temple met periodically to discuss how to navigate the complicated situation we faced: how would we create an academic conference that would be most beneficial for attendees spread across the world and unable to meet face to face? Ultimately, we asked presenters to submit their presentations in advance via one of four formats: traditional written papers, prerecorded video presentations, blog posts, and podcasts. The scheduled presentation times, therefore, would focus on discussion of the pre-submitted presentations. The articles in this special issue are revolutionary because they are the product of this new, more conversation-based format.

The essays presented here consider the ways in which the concepts of revolution, evolution, and circulation resonated within the Victorian publishing world. Addressing the multiple facets of these interconnected notions as...

• 简介：革命、进化、循环
• 弗朗索瓦丝·巴耶 (Françoise Baillet)（简介）和克里斯汀·孔德里克 (Kristin Kondrlik)（简介）

十九世纪的新闻界以革命为标志。一个世纪以来，技术创新、商业战略、识字率的提高、发行网络的发展以及“知识税”的逐步取消导致了印刷品的爆炸式增长，并延伸到了社会各阶层。格雷厄姆·劳写道，技术进步“不仅彻底改变了期刊等商品的制造方式，也彻底改变了它们的流通方式，蒸汽动力很快推动了印刷机和铁路的发展。” ¹在这个时代，铁路的扩建改变了景观，引发了对时间和空间的新认知，并使工业产品（无论是商品还是服务）几乎立即到达消费者手中，人类活动发生了面目全非的变化。随着工业社会变得更加复杂和流动，专业网络得到发展，创造了广泛的国家和跨国循环系统。十九世纪的报纸和杂志在版式和内容上塑造并反映了这些转变，涵盖了那个时期标志性的深远变化，传播新颖的思想，或解决阶级、性别和种族方面的剧变。除了印刷版的范围之外，媒体的制作、设计、编辑和读者群也发生了变化，有时甚至是巨大的变化，导致在几十年内为读者提供的服务发生了根本性的转变。在多种新闻体裁、风格和出版背景下，读者、群体和媒体之间出现了新的时空连接模式。

本期特刊中提出的论文是根据维多利亚期刊研究协会 (RSVP) 会议“革命、进化、流通”上发表的论文编写的，该会议由天普大学于 2021 年 9 月在线主办。 ，该会议主题原定于 2020 年在宾夕法尼亚州费城天普大学主校区举行的现场会议上进行。这一背景是美国革命期间美国[完第 153 页]各州的首都，似乎适合举办有关维多利亚时期不断变化的政治、社会、科学、物质和社会现实的讨论，以及维多利亚时代的人们如何应对他们，以及这些回应如何在媒体中传播或改变媒体的性质。然而，当最初的论文征集于 2019 年底发出时，我们无法预料到会议委员会、组织者和参与者需要在几年的时间里“发展”我们自己的学术、工作和生活。短短几个月。COVID-19 大流行造成的风险和剧变意味着，以娜塔莉·休斯顿 (Natalie Houston) 主席为首的 RSVP 执行委员会做出了艰难的决定，将会议推迟到 2021 年，当时我们最终以虚拟方式举办了该活动。

RSVP 对 COVID-19 的挑战做出了快速反应，改进了计划中的面对面会议的方法。在原定于 2020 年 9 月举行的会议日期和时间内，RSVP 举办了一系列“数字沙龙”，其中包括 2020 年科尔比奖获得者 Thomas Smits 的采访、数字人文和期刊学术圆桌会议、“Twitter Taster”预览 RSVP 成员的学术作品，以及 RSVP 社交时间。这些虚拟空间（RSVP 继续定期举办）为世界各地的期刊学者在无法进行面对面会议时进行联系提供了新的方式。这种灵活性和创新延续到了 2021 年会议中。会议委员会成员（Laura Vorachek、John Morton、Françoise Baillet 和 Kristin Kondrlik）、RSVP 执行委员会和坦普尔会议主办方定期会面，讨论如何应对我们面临的复杂局面：我们如何创建一个学术会议对于分布在世界各地且无法面对面交流的与会者来说最有利的会议是什么？最终，我们要求演示者通过四种格式之一提前提交演示文稿：传统书面论文、预先录制的视频演示、博客文章和播客。因此，预定的演示时间将集中讨论预先提交的演示文稿。本期特刊中的文章具有革命性，因为它们是这种新的、更加基于对话的格式的产物。

这里介绍的文章探讨了革命、进化和流通的概念在维多利亚时代出版界产生共鸣的方式。将这些相互关联的概念的多个方面解决为......