Findings are reported from Phase 2 of a longitudinal study of family functioning in heterosexual-couple families with 5 year olds conceived using identity-release egg donation. Seventy-two egg donation families were compared to 50 in vitro fertilization (IVF) families (ethnicity: 93% White British) using standardized observational, interview, and questionnaire measures. There were no differences between family types in the quality of mother-child or father-child interaction, apart from lower structuring by fathers in egg donation families. Egg donation mothers and fathers reported higher levels of parenting stress and lower levels of confidence and competence than their IVF counterparts. Egg donation mothers reported lower social support and couple relationship quality, greater anger toward their child, and perceived their child as more angry and less happy, compared to IVF mothers. Egg donation fathers showed greater criticism and anger toward their child, less joy in parenting, and were less satisfied with the support they received, than IVF fathers. Children in egg donation families showed higher levels of externalizing problems than IVF children as rated by mothers, fathers, and teachers, whereas they were rated as having higher levels of internalizing problems by teachers only. Externalizing problems were predicted by mothers' lower initial social support, steeper increases in parenting stress and greater concurrent criticism, whereas internalizing problems were associated with poorer initial couple relationship quality as rated by mothers. Both were predicted by fewer gains in reflective functioning. There was a moderation effect such that parenting stress was a stronger predictor of externalizing problems for egg donation than IVF families. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2023 APA, all rights reserved).

中文翻译：

---

对使用卵子捐赠创建的家庭进行的纵向研究：5 岁时的家庭功能。

调查结果来自一项纵向研究的第二阶段报告，该研究对异性夫妇家庭的家庭功能进行了研究，该研究的孩子是通过身份公开的卵子捐赠怀上 5 岁孩子的。使用标准化观察、访谈和问卷调查措施，将 72 个卵子捐赠家庭与 50 个体外受精 (IVF) 家庭（种族：93% 英国白人）进行了比较。除了卵子捐赠家庭中父亲的结构较低之外，不同类型的家庭在母子或父子互动的质量上没有差异。与体外受精同行相比，卵子捐赠的母亲和父亲报告说，养育子女的压力更大，信心和能力也更低。与试管受精母亲相比，捐卵母亲的社会支持和夫妻关系质量较低，对孩子的愤怒更大，并认为孩子更愤怒、更不快乐。与试管受精父亲相比，卵子捐赠父亲对孩子表现出更多的批评和愤怒，更少的养育乐趣，并且对他们所获得的支持不太满意。根据母亲、父亲和老师的评价，卵子捐赠家庭的孩子比试管受精的孩子表现出更高水平的外化问题，而仅由老师评价他们的内化问题水平更高。外化问题是由母亲最初的社会支持较低、养育压力急剧增加和同时出现的批评增多来预测的，而内化问题则与母亲评价的较差的初始夫妻关系质量有关。两者都被预测为反思功能的收益减少。存在调节效应，即养育压力比体外受精家庭更能预测卵子捐赠的外部化问题。（PsycInfo 数据库记录 (c) 2023 APA，保留所有权利）。