Estrogen plays a prominent role in regulating and coordinating energy homeostasis throughout the growth, development, reproduction, and aging of women. Estrogen receptors (ERs) are widely expressed in the brain and nearly all tissues of the body. Within the brain, central estrogen via ER regulates appetite and energy expenditure and maintains cell glucose metabolism, including glucose transport, aerobic glycolysis, and mitochondrial function. In the whole body, estrogen has shown beneficial effects on weight control, fat distribution, glucose and insulin resistance, and adipokine secretion. As demonstrated by multiple in vitro and in vivo studies, menopause-related decline of circulating estrogen may induce the disturbance of metabolic signals and a significant decrease in bioenergetics, which could trigger an increased incidence of late-onset Alzheimer's disease, type 2 diabetes mellitus, hypertension, and cardiovascular diseases in postmenopausal women. In this article, we have systematically reviewed the role of estrogen and ERs in body composition and lipid/glucose profile variation occurring with menopause, which may provide a better insight into the efficacy of hormone therapy in maintaining energy metabolic homeostasis and hold a clue for development of novel therapeutic approaches for target tissue diseases.

中文翻译：

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雌激素在中枢和外周能量稳态调节中的作用：从更年期的角度来看。

雌激素在女性生长、发育、生殖和衰老过程中调节和协调能量稳态方面发挥着重要作用。雌激素受体（ER）在大脑和几乎所有身体组织中广泛表达。在大脑内，中枢雌激素通过 ER 调节食欲和能量消耗，并维持细胞葡萄糖代谢，包括葡萄糖转运、有氧糖酵解和线粒体功能。在整个身体中，雌激素对体重控制、脂肪分布、葡萄糖和胰岛素抵抗以及脂肪因子分泌显示出有益的作用。多项体外和体内研究表明，更年期相关的循环雌激素下降可能会导致代谢信号紊乱和生物能显着下降，从而引发迟发性阿尔茨海默病、2型糖尿病、绝经后妇女的高血压和心血管疾病。在本文中，我们系统地回顾了雌激素和ERs在绝经期身体成分和血脂/血糖变化中的作用，这可能为更好地了解激素治疗在维持能量代谢稳态方面的功效提供线索。靶组织疾病的新治疗方法。