Online phenomena like echo chambers and polarization are believed to be driven by humans' penchant to selectively expose themselves to attitudinally congenial content. However, if like-minded content were the only predictor of online behavior, heated debate and flaming on the Internet would hardly occur. Research has overlooked how online behavior changes when people are given an opportunity to reply to dissenters. Three experiments (total N = 320; convenience student samples from Germany) and an internal meta-analysis show that in a discussion-forum setting where participants can reply to earlier comments larger cognitive conflict between participant attitude and comment attitude predicts higher likelihood to respond (uncongeniality bias). When the discussion climate was friendly (vs. oppositional) to the views of participants, the uncongeniality bias was more pronounced and was also associated with attitude polarization. These results suggest that belief polarization on social media may not only be driven by congeniality but also by conflict.

中文翻译：

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在线互动将友善偏见转变为不友善偏见。

人们认为，回音室和两极分化等网络现象是由人类有选择性地接触态度相投的内容的倾向所驱动的。然而，如果志同道合的内容是在线行为的唯一预测因素，那么互联网上的激烈争论和煽动就很难发生。研究忽视了当人们有机会回复异议者时，在线行为会发生怎样的变化。三项实验（总数 N = 320；来自德国的方便学生样本）和内部荟萃分析表明，在参与者可以回复早期评论的讨论论坛环境中，参与者态度和评论态度之间较大的认知冲突预示着更高的回应可能性（不合意的偏见）。当讨论气氛对参与者的观点友好（相对于反对）时，不合意的偏见更加明显，并且也与态度两极分化有关。这些结果表明，社交媒体上的信仰两极分化可能不仅是由意气相投造成的，也可能是由冲突造成的。