PURPOSE OF REVIEW This review provides an overview of most recent evidence about pathogenesis traits and virulence factors contributing to successful colonization or infection by P. aeruginosa , A. baumannii , S. maltophilia and B. cepacia complex, among the most clinically relevant nonfermenting Gram-negative bacteria (NFGNB). RECENT FINDINGS The growing clinical importance of NFGNB as important opportunistic pathogens causing difficult-to-treat infections in a fragile patients' population in stressed by numerous studies. Identification of novel virulence factors and deciphering of their mechanisms of action have greatly furthered our understanding of NFGNB pathogenesis, revealing that each pathogen-specific armamentarium of virulence factors (adhesins, motility, capsule, biofilm, lipopolysaccharide, exotoxins, exoenzymes, secretion systems, siderophores) can be likely responsible for the difference in the pathophysiology even in the context of a similar infection site. Emerging evidence of the immunomodulatory effect of some virulence factors is also acknowledged. SUMMARY NFGNB continue to be a serious global problem as cause of life-threatening opportunistic infections, owing to a highly heterogeneous content of virulence factors and their extensive number of intrinsic resistance mechanisms. Further efforts in development of novel effective antimicrobials and of alternative strategies targeting key virulence factors are warranted.

中文翻译：

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非发酵革兰氏阴性感染的微生物学和发病机制。

综述目的本综述概述了有关铜绿假单胞菌、鲍曼不动杆菌、嗜麦芽糖链球菌和洋葱伯克霍尔德杆菌复合体成功定植或感染的发病机制特征和毒力因素的最新证据，这些都是临床上最相关的非发酵革兰氏菌。阴性菌（NFGNB）。最近的发现 NFGNB 作为重要的机会性病原体，在脆弱的患者群体中引起难以治疗的感染，其临床重要性日益增加，这一点受到众多研究的强调。新毒力因子的鉴定及其作用机制极大地加深了我们对 NFGNB 发病机制的理解，揭示了每种病原体特异性毒力因子的装备（粘附素、运动性、荚膜、生物膜、脂多糖、外毒素、外酶、分泌系统、铁载体） ）可能是造成病理生理学差异的原因，即使是在相似的感染部位。一些毒力因子具有免疫调节作用的新证据也得到了认可。摘要 由于毒力因子含量高度异质性及其广泛的内在耐药机制，NFGNB 仍然是一个严重的全球性问题，是危及生命的机会性感染的原因。有必要进一步努力开发新型有效的抗菌药物和针对关键毒力因子的替代策略。