Parenting that is high in rejection and low in acceptance is associated with higher levels of internalizing (INT) and externalizing (EXT) problems in children and adolescents. These symptoms develop and can increase in severity to negatively impact adolescents' social, academic, and emotional functioning. However, there are two major gaps in the extant literature: (a) nearly all prior research has focused on between-person differences in acceptance/rejection at the expense of examining intraindividual variability (IIV) across time in acceptance/rejection; and (b) no prior studies examine IIV in acceptance/rejection in diverse international samples. The present study utilized six waves of data with 1,199 adolescents' families living in nine countries from the Parenting Across Cultures study to test the hypotheses that (1) higher amounts of youth IIV in mother acceptance/rejection predict higher internalizing and (2) externalizing symptoms, and (3) that higher youth IIV in father acceptance/rejection predict higher internalizing, and (4) externalizing symptoms. Meta-analytic techniques indicated a significant, positive effect of IIV in child-reported mother and father acceptance/rejection on adolescent externalizing symptoms, and a significant positive effect of IIV in father acceptance/rejection on internalizing symptoms. The weighted effect for mother acceptance/rejection on internalizing symptoms was not statistically significant. Additionally, there was significant heterogeneity in all meta-analytic estimates. More variability over time in experiences of parental acceptance/rejection predicts internalizing and externalizing symptoms as children transition into adolescence, and this effect is present across multiple diverse samples. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2023 APA, all rights reserved).

中文翻译：

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父母接受-拒绝的个体差异预测了九个国家儿童/青少年时期的外化和内化症状。

拒绝程度高、接受程度低的养育方式与儿童和青少年的内化（INT）和外化（EXT）问题水平较高有关。这些症状的发展和严重程度可能会增加，从而对青少年的社交、学业和情感功能产生负面影响。然而，现有文献中存在两个主要差距：（a）几乎所有先前的研究都集中在接受/拒绝方面的人与人之间的差异，而忽视了接受/拒绝方面随时间的个体差异（IIV）的检查；(b) 之前没有研究在不同的国际样本中检验 IIV 的接受/拒绝情况。本研究利用来自跨文化养育研究的来自九个国家的 1,199 个青少年家庭的六波数据来检验以下假设：(1) 母亲接受/拒绝中青少年 IIV 的数量较高，预示着较高的内化症状；(2) 外化症状，（3）父亲接受/拒绝的青少年 IIV 越高，预示着更高的内化症状，（4）外化症状。荟萃分析技术表明，IIV 对儿童报告的母亲和父亲对青少年外化症状的接受/拒绝有显着的积极影响，并且 IIV 对父亲对内化症状的接受/拒绝有显着的积极影响。母亲接受/拒绝对内化症状的加权影响并不具有统计学意义。此外，所有荟萃分析估计都存在显着的异质性。随着时间的推移，父母接受/拒绝经历的更多变化预示着儿童进入青春期时的内化和外化症状，并且这种效应存在于多个不同的样本中。（PsycInfo 数据库记录 (c) 2023 APA，保留所有权利）。