OBJECTIVE To assess the association between language proficiency and absolute dominance on language versus visual-perceptual formatted and executive versus delayed memory neuropsychological measures in bilingual adults. METHODS Data from 55 bilingual, conversationally fluent, neurologically intact, Mexican American, consecutive, adults tested in separate sessions in Spanish and English in a counterbalanced order were analyzed. Age, years of education, self-reported language proficiency, Woodcock-Muñoz Language Survey-Revised (WMLS-R) picture vocabulary measures of language proficiency, and dominance (absolute Spanish-English WMLS-R difference scores) were correlated with 11 measures from La Batería Neuropsicólogica en Español and its original English language tests. RESULTS Self-reported and WMLS-R measures of language proficiency were significantly correlated in each language. Absolute language dominance was not significantly associated with any Spanish or English neuropsychological raw score. The WMLS-R language proficiency, but not age or years of education, was significantly correlated with language-formatted neuropsychological measures of California Verbal Learning Test delayed free recall number of words (both languages), letter fluency (both languages), delayed story memory (in English), and Stroop interference (Spanish). Linear regression models using age, years of education, and WMLS-R picture vocabulary scores as predictors were significant for all these measures excepting the last. The WMLS-R language proficiency was not significantly associated with raw scores on any visual-perceptual formatted measure. CONCLUSIONS Monolingual neuropsychological test norms for language-formatted tests likely overestimate bilingual Mexican Americans' performance.

中文翻译：

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双语墨西哥裔美国成年人的临床神经心理学：语言熟练程度和优势的影响。

目的 评估双语成人的语言熟练程度与语言与视觉感知格式、执行与延迟记忆神经心理学测量的绝对优势之间的关联。方法 对 55 名双语、对话流利、神经系统完好的墨西哥裔美国人连续成年人的数据进行了分析，这些成年人以西班牙语和英语以平衡的顺序进行了单独的测试。年龄、受教育年限、自我报告的语言能力、修订版 Woodcock-Muñoz 语言调查 (WMLS-R) 语言能力的图片词汇测量和优势（绝对西班牙语-英语 WMLS-R 差异分数）与来自以下 11 项测量值相关： La Batería Neuropsicólogica en Español 及其原始英语语言测试。结果 每种语言的自我报告和 WMLS-R 语言能力测量均显着相关。绝对语言优势与任何西班牙语或英语神经心理学原始评分均无显着相关性。WMLS-R 语言熟练程度（但与年龄或受教育年限无关）与加州言语学习测试的语言格式神经心理学测量显着相关：延迟自由回忆单词数量（两种语言）、字母流畅性（两种语言）、延迟故事记忆（英语）和斯特鲁普干扰（西班牙语）。使用年龄、受教育年限和 WMLS-R 图片词汇分数作为预测因子的线性回归模型对于除最后一项之外的所有这些指标都很重要。WMLS-R 语言熟练程度与任何视觉感知格式化测量的原始分数均没有显着相关。结论 语言格​​式测试的单语神经心理学测试规范可能高估了双语墨西哥裔美国人的表现。