Some computational phenomena rely essentially on pragmatic considerations, and seem to undermine the independence of the specification from the implementation. These include software development, deviant uses, esoteric languages and recent data-driven applications. To account for them, the interaction between pragmatics, epistemology and ontology in computational artefacts seems essential, indicating the need to recover the role of the language metaphor. We propose a User Levels (ULs) structure as a pragmatic complement to the Levels of Abstraction (LoAs)-based structure defining the ontology and epistemology of computational artefacts. ULs identify a flexible hierarchy in which users bear their own semantic and normative requirements, possibly competing with the logical specification. We formulate a notion of computational act intended in its pragmatic sense, alongside pragmatic versions of implementation and correctness.

一些计算现象本质上依赖于实用的考虑，并且似乎破坏了规范与实现的独立性。其中包括软件开发、异常用途、深奥语言和最新的数据驱动应用程序。为了解释这些问题，计算人工制品中的语用学、认识论和本体论之间的相互作用似乎至关重要，这表明需要恢复语言隐喻的作用。我们提出了一种用户级别（UL）结构，作为对基于抽象级别（LoAs）的结构的实用补充，定义了计算制品的本体论和认识论。UL 确定了一个灵活的层次结构，用户在其中承担自己的语义和规范要求，可能与逻辑规范竞争。我们制定了一种实用意义上的计算行为概念，以及实现和正确性的实用版本。