The recent advances in high-throughput next-generation sequencing technologies have heralded the arrival of the Big Data era. As a result, the use of pharmacogenetics in drug discovery and individualized drug therapy has transformed the field of precision medicine. This paradigm shift in drug development programs has effectively reshaped the old drug development practices, which were primarily concerned with the physiological status of patients for drug development. Pharmacogenomics bridges the gap between pharmacodynamics and pharmacokinetics, advancing current diagnostic and treatment strategies and enabling personalized and targeted drug therapy. The primary goals of pharmacogenetic studies are to improve drug efficacy and minimize toxicities, to identify novel drug targets, to estimate drug dosage for personalized medicine, and to incorporate it as a routine diagnostic for disease susceptibility. Although pharmacogenetics has numerous applications in individualized drug therapy and drug development, it is in its infancy in veterinary medicine. The objective of this review is to present an overview of historical landmarks, current developments in various animal species, challenges and future perspectives of genomics in drug development and dosage optimization for individualized medicine in veterinary subjects.

中文翻译：

---

药物遗传学和药物基因组学在兽医临床实践中的相关性：综述

高通量新一代测序技术的最新进展预示着大数据时代的到来。因此，药物遗传学在药物发现和个体化药物治疗中的应用改变了精准医学领域。药物开发计划的这种范式转变有效地重塑了旧的药物开发实践，即药物开发主要关注患者的生理状态。药物基因组学弥合了药效学和药代动力学之间的差距，推进了当前的诊断和治疗策略，并实现了个性化和靶向药物治疗。药物遗传学研究的主要目标是提高药物疗效并最大程度地减少毒性，确定新的药物靶点，估计个性化医疗的药物剂量，并将其纳入疾病易感性的常规诊断。尽管药物遗传学在个体化药物治疗和药物开发中具有广泛的应用，但它在兽医学中仍处于起步阶段。本综述的目的是概述兽医个体化医学药物开发和剂量优化中的历史里程碑、各种动物物种的当前发展、基因组学的挑战和未来前景。