Diuron is a globally used herbicide for weed control but has anti-androgenic effects on androgens (testosterone and androstenedione), antagonist effects on thyroid hormone signaling, and haematological effects due to their biotransformation in fish. Endocrine-disrupting biomarkers such as thyroid hormones, sex hormones, and haematological indices of Clarias gariepinus sub-adults exposed to sub-lethal diuron concentrations were studied over a 28-day period. C. gariepinus (n = 200) sub-adults were exposed to sub-lethal concentrations (0.00, 0.09, 0.18, 0.26, and 0.35 mg/L) of diuron. Changes in the hormonal and haematological profiles of the exposed fish were concentration and exposure duration-dependent. The thyroxine (T4), tri-iodothyronine (T3), and 17β-estradiol (E2) profiles decreased with an increase in concentration and exposure duration. The haemoglobin, pack cell volume, red blood cell, white blood cell, mean cell volume, and mean corpuscular haemoglobin cell decreased, while the mean corpuscular haemoglobin increased with an increase in concentration and exposure duration. Diuron induced stress and altered the physiological mechanisms of fish, and its application in farmlands should be regulated so as to enable a sustainable aquatic eco-system and fishery resources.

敌草隆是一种全球使用的用于杂草控制的除草剂，但对雄激素（睾酮和雄烯二酮）具有抗雄激素作用，对甲状腺激素信号具有拮抗作用，并且由于其在鱼类中的生物转化而产生血液学影响。研究人员在 28 天的时间内研究了暴露于亚致死敌草隆浓度的尖齿鲇亚成虫的甲状腺激素、性激素和血液学指数等内分泌干扰生物标志物。C. gariepinus ( n  = 200) 亚成虫暴露于亚致死浓度（0.00、0.09、0.18、0.26 和 0.35 mg/L）的敌草隆。暴露鱼的激素和血液学特征的变化取决于浓度和暴露持续时间。甲状腺素(T4)、三碘甲状腺原氨酸 (T3) 和 17β-雌二醇 (E2) 谱随着浓度和暴露时间的增加而降低。血红蛋白、红细胞体积、红细胞、白细胞、平均细胞体积和平均红细胞血红蛋白细胞减少，而平均红细胞血红蛋白随着浓度和暴露时间的增加而增加。敌草隆会引起应激并改变鱼类的生理机制，应规范其在农田中的应用，以实现可持续的水生生态系统和渔业资源。