These lecture notes provide a pedagogical introduction, with exercises, to the techniques used in attempts to construct vacua with stabilized moduli in string theory. The reader is only assumed to have a basic knowledge of general relativity, geometry and field theory. We emphasize physical arguments and focus on the latest developments involving the Swampland program that point to a tension for the existence of AdS vacua with small extra dimensions or dS vacua with parametric control. We include a brief summary of the current status of these thorny issues. Unlike many other reviews we make almost no use of the technicalities associated to supersymmetric geometries. These notes are largely based on lectures given at the CERN Winter School on Supergravity, Strings and Gauge Theory and in the Tehran School on Swampland Program held in the summer of 2022.

这些讲义通过练习提供了教学介绍，介绍了在弦理论中尝试构造具有稳定模量的真空所使用的技术。仅假设读者具备广义相对论、几何和场论的基本知识。我们强调物理论证，并关注涉及沼泽地计划的最新进展，这些进展指出了具有小额外维度的 AdS 真空或具有参数控制的 dS 真空的存在紧张。我们对这些棘手问题的现状进行了简要总结。与许多其他评论不同，我们几乎没有使用与超对称几何相关的技术细节。这些笔记主要基于欧洲核子研究组织冬季学校超重力、弦和规范理论以及德黑兰学校 2022 年夏季举办的沼泽地项目的讲座。