In recent years, significant progress has been made in terms of efficiency and stability of perovskite on silicon (Pero/Si) tandem solar cells. Nevertheless, most of these activities are focused on small-area laboratory cells while the availability of large-area solar cells suitable for module integration on an industrial level remains limited, and therefore, measurements of tandem modules are rare. However, the reliable measurement of tandem modules is a prerequisite to evaluate the real potential of this rapidly developing technology for the photovoltaic market. In this study, we present the first published outdoor measurement of a full-size bifacial Pero/Si tandem solar cell module. Our focus is on analyzing the spectral influences on the outdoor performance of the device through a qualitative assessment of the modules I–V parameter conducted over the course of a measurement day. Based on continuous monitoring of the ambient and module conditions, we provide consistent explanations for the complex interplay between the incident irradiance on both the front and backside of the module, as well as the module temperature. Based on our findings, we finally discuss how to appropriately account for the influence of bifaciality in the case of bifacial tandem modules, where the procedures used for bifacial single-junction devices cannot be easily applied due to subcell limitation effects. Throughout the study, we present important insights into the real-world characteristics of a bifacial Pero/Si tandem model, discuss and explain various influences on the modules performance, and therefore provide crucial information for an optimal cell design for bifacial Pero/Si tandem devices.

中文翻译：

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全尺寸双面 Pero/Si 串联组件在不同光谱条件下的户外测量

近年来，硅基钙钛矿（Pero/Si）叠层太阳能电池在效率和稳定性方面取得了重大进展。然而，大多数这些活动都集中在小面积实验室电池上，而适合工业级模块集成的大面积太阳能电池的可用性仍然有限，因此，串联模块的测量很少。然而，串联模块的可靠测量是评估这种快速发展的技术在光伏市场中的真正潜力的先决条件。在这项研究中，我们首次发表了全尺寸双面 Pero/Si 串联太阳能电池模块的户外测量结果。我们的重点是通过在测量日期间对模块I – V参数进行定性评估来分析光谱对设备户外性能的影响。基于对环境和模块条件的连续监测，我们对模块正面和背面的入射辐照度以及模块温度之间的复杂相互作用提供了一致的解释。基于我们的发现，我们最终讨论了如何在双面串联模块的情况下适当考虑双面的影响，其中由于子电池限制效应，用于双面单结器件的程序无法轻松应用。在整个研究过程中，我们对双面 Pero/Si 串联模型的真实特性提出了重要见解，讨论并解释了对模块性能的各种影响，从而为双面 Pero/Si 串联器件的最佳电池设计提供了重要信息。