Fruit fly infestation is one of the main obstacles to the exportation of fresh agricultural produce. Films of mineral particles and biomaterials have the potential to protect fruits against tephritid fruit fly infestation. The present study evaluated the effects of particle films on the tritrophic interactions of grape (Vitis vinifera L.), the fruit fly Ceratitis capitata (Wiedemann) and the parasitoid Diachasmimorpha longicaudata (Ashmead) under semi-field conditions. Grapes were biometrically characterised (i.e. colour, firmness, mass, length and diameter), treated with mineral particles, biomaterials or distilled water (control), and then used in oviposition and parasitism bioassays. In the oviposition bioassay, the treated grapes were exposed to 50 C. capitata pairs in field cages, and after 48 h, the punctures and eggs on each fruit were counted. In the parasitism bioassay, treated grapes were artificially infested with third-instar C. capitata larvae (two per fruit), exposed (2 h) to 50 D. longicaudata pairs in field cages to determine parasitism index, larval and pupal viabilities and number of flies and parasitoids emerged. Treatment with the mineral film affected fruit colour and reduced C. capitata oviposition but failed to significantly affect the parasitism capacity of D. longicaudata. The ability of the parasitoid to locate and parasitise C. capitata larvae in kaolin-coated fruits suggests that kaolin films could be used in conjunction with biological agents to control fruit flies.

中文翻译：

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矿物和生物材料膜对三营养（葡萄×地中海果蝇×寄生蜂）相互作用的干扰

果蝇侵扰是新鲜农产品出口的主要障碍之一。矿物颗粒和生物材料薄膜具有保护水果免受实蝇侵染的潜力。本研究评估了颗粒膜对葡萄三营养相互作用的影响（葡萄L.)，果蝇头状实蝇（维德曼）和寄生蜂长尾双角藻（Ashmead）在半野外条件下。对葡萄进行​​生物特征分析（即颜色、硬度、质量、长度和直径），用矿物颗粒、生物材料或蒸馏水（对照）处理，然后用于产卵和寄生生物测定。在产卵生物测定中，将处理过的葡萄暴露于 50头状 C. 头状成对放在田间笼子里，48小时后，对每个果实上的刺孔和卵进行计数。在寄生生物测定中，处理过的葡萄被人工感染了三龄虫头状 C. 头状幼虫（每个果实两个），暴露（2小时）至50长尾石竹在野外笼子中配对，以确定寄生指数、幼虫和蛹的活力以及出现的苍蝇和寄生蜂的数量。矿物膜处理影响果实颜色并减少头状 C. 头状产卵但未能显着影响寄生能力长尾石竹。拟寄生物定位和寄生的能力头状 C. 头状高岭土涂层水果中的幼虫表明，高岭土薄膜可以与生物制剂结合使用来控制果蝇。