The Moon is the closest celestial body to the Earth. The examination and discovery of this planet have always played an important role in the history of humanity. Since the beginning of the space age, the Moon has been the target of many missions from the 1950s to the present day. Radio communication plays a fundamental role in space vehicle projects because this is the most obvious way to communicate with the ground station and transmit control commands and scientific data. From the early missions to the present day, Earth–Moon communication had many stages of development. In our article, we review this progress and then present the state-of-the-art ideas related to the present missions through the missions currently underway and those planned for the near future. Our primary objective is to describe the radio communication relay services planned for orbit around the Moon. Furthermore, we present the European Space Agency (ESA)-supported lunar missions, highlighting the Lunar Geology Orbiter (LUGO) mission. Finally, as a future perspective, we present the possibilities of optical communication in the Earth–Moon path, which can result a significant increase in capacity.

中文翻译：

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月球通信的演变——从开始到现在

月球是距离地球最近的天体。对这颗行星的考察和发现一直在人类历史上发挥着重要作用。自太空时代开始以来，从 20 世纪 50 年代至今，月球一直是许多任务的目标。无线电通信在航天器项目中发挥着基础作用，因为这是与地面站通信以及传输控制命令和科学数据的最明显的方式。从早期任务到现在，地月通信经历了多个发展阶段。在我们的文章中，我们回顾了这一进展，然后通过当前正在进行的任务和近期计划的任务介绍与当前任务相关的最新想法。我们的主要目标是描述计划用于绕月轨道的无线电通信中继服务。此外，我们还介绍了欧洲航天局 (ESA) 支持的月球任务，重点介绍了月球地质轨道飞行器 (LUGO) 任务。最后，作为未来的视角，我们提出了地月路径中光通信的可能性，这可以导致容量的显着增加。