Cancer stands as a serious malady, posing substantial risks to human well-being and survival. This underscores the paramount necessity to explore and investigate novel antitumor medications. Nitrogen-containing compounds, especially those derived from natural sources, form a highly significant category of antitumor agents. Among these, antitumor agents with six-membered aromatic nitrogen heterocycles have consistently attracted the attention of chemists and pharmacologists. Accordingly, we present a comprehensive summary of synthetic strategies and clinical implications of these compounds in this review. This entails an in-depth analysis of synthesis pathways for pyridine, quinoline, pyrimidine, and quinazoline. Additionally, we explore the historical progression, targets, mechanisms of action, and clinical effectiveness of small molecule inhibitors possessing these structural features.

中文翻译：

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六元芳香氮杂环抗肿瘤药物的合成与应用

癌症是一种严重的疾病，对人类的福祉和生存构成重大风险。这强调了探索和研究新型抗肿瘤药物的至关重要性。含氮化合物，特别是那些源自天然来源的化合物，形成了一类非常重要的抗肿瘤剂。其中，六元芳香氮杂环抗肿瘤药物一直受到化学家和药理学家的关注。因此，我们在这篇综述中对这些化合物的合成策略和临床意义进行了全面总结。这需要对吡啶、喹啉、嘧啶和喹唑啉的合成途径进行深入分析。此外，我们还探讨了具有这些结构特征的小分子抑制剂的历史进展、靶点、作用机制和临床有效性。