While much is written about racialization of street criminals in the American media, racial dimensions of the media framing of white-collar crime remain underexplored. To address this issue, we analyze the coverage of bribery, electoral fraud, tax evasion, and insider trading in five national newspapers between 1950 and 2010. Drawing on John Hagan’s (2012) work, we trace the racialization of white-collar crime in the press back to Richard Nixon’s presidency and the beginnings of the War on Drugs. We also find that race is a significant predictor of offenders’ individualization, or the length of description accorded to them by writers. We argue that by individualizing black offenders significantly more than white perpetrators, reporters connote their oddity in the context of white-collar criminality and contribute to their collective framing as an exception. Finally, we find that black perpetrators receive significantly more positive coverage than white offenders, which serves to further underscore their distinctiveness from stereotypical black criminals and their similarity to nonthreatening (white) Americans. These findings support Hagan’s (2012) argument that racialization of street crime is mirrored by the collective framing of elite economic crime as white and, by extension, a nonthreatening side effect of American capitalism.

中文翻译：

---

白领犯罪是白人吗？1950 年至 2010 年全国新闻报道中白领犯罪的种族化

尽管美国媒体对街头犯罪分子的种族化写了很多文章，但媒体对白领犯罪的种族维度仍未得到充分探讨。为了解决这个问题，我们分析了 1950 年至 2010 年间五家全国性报纸对贿赂、选举舞弊、逃税和内幕交易的报道。借鉴约翰·哈根 (John Hagan, 2012) 的工作，我们追踪了美国白领犯罪的种族化情况。让我们回顾一下理查德·尼克松的总统任期和毒品战争的开始。我们还发现，种族是罪犯个体化或作家对他们的描述长度的重要预测因素。我们认为，通过将黑人犯罪者比白人犯罪者更多地个体化，记者在白领犯罪的背景下暗示了他们的奇怪性，并促成了他们作为例外的集体框架。最后，我们发现黑人犯罪者比白人犯罪者获得的正面报道要多得多，这进一步强调了他们与刻板印象中的黑人犯罪者的区别以及他们与不具有威胁性的（白人）美国人的相似性。这些发现支持了哈根（Hagan，2012）的论点，即街头犯罪的种族化反映在精英经济犯罪的集体框架中，即白人的犯罪行为，以及美国资本主义的非威胁性副作用。