Due to their fast response and strong short-term power throughput capacity, electric vehicles (EVs) are promising for providing primary frequency support to power grids. However, due to the complicated charging demands of drivers, it is challenging to efficiently utilize the regulation capacity of EV clusters for providing stable primary frequency support to the power grid. Accordingly, this paper proposes an adaptive primary frequency support strategy for EV clusters constrained by the charging-behavior-defined operation area. First, the forced charging boundary of the EV is determined according to the driver's charging behavior, and based on this, the operation area is defined. This ensures full utilization of the available frequency support capacity of the EV. An adaptive primary frequency support strategy of EV clusters is then proposed. The output power of EV is adaptively regulated according to the real-time distance from the EV operating point to the forced charging boundary. With the proposed strategy, when the EV approaches the forced charging boundary, its output power is gradually reduced to zero. Then, the rapid state-of-charge declines of EVs and sudden output power reductions in EV clusters caused by forced charging to meet the driver's charging demands can be effectively avoided. EV clusters can then provide sustainable frequency support to the power grid without violating the driver's charging demands. Simulation results validate the proposed operation-area-constrained adaptive primary frequency support strategy, which outperforms the average strategy in terms of stable output maintenance and the optimal utilization of regulation capacities of EV clusters.

中文翻译：

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电动汽车集群运行区域受限自适应主频支持策略

电动汽车（EV）由于其快速响应和强大的短期电力吞吐能力，有望为电网提供主频支持。然而，由于驾驶员复杂的充电需求，如何有效利用电动汽车集群的调节能力为电网提供稳定的主频支持具有挑战性。因此，本文提出了一种针对受充电行为定义的操作区域约束的电动汽车集群的自适应主频率支持策略。首先，根据驾驶员的充电行为确定电动汽车的强制充电边界，并据此定义作业区域。这确保了电动汽车的可用频率支持能力的充分利用。然后提出了EV集群的自适应主频支持策略。根据EV工作点到强制充电边界的实时距离，自适应调节EV的输出功率。根据所提出的策略，当电动汽车接近强制充电边界时，其输出功率逐渐降至零。从而有效避免为满足驾驶员充电需求而强制充电导致的电动汽车荷电状态快速下降以及电动汽车集群输出功率突然降低的情况。然后，电动汽车集群可以为电网提供可持续的频率支持，而不会违反驾驶员的充电需求。仿真结果验证了所提出的运行区域约束自适应主频支持策略，该策略在稳定输出维持和电动汽车集群调节能力的优化利用方面优于平均策略。