Growing up with a nonresident biological father has been portrayed as problematic for different aspects of father-child relationships, but it is unclear whether experiencing nonresidential fatherhood is less problematic in countries where this family structure is more common and thus probably less stigmatized. Cross-country research into nonresidential fatherhood is scarce, especially including Caribbean countries where many children grow up without their biological father in the home. This study examined associations between nonresidential fatherhood and father-child relationship quality and fathers' parenting behaviors among Curaçaoan and Dutch adolescents and young adults. Curaçaoan (n = 450) and Dutch (n = 585) participants completed a digital questionnaire in class, using the same procedures on Curaçao and in the Netherlands. We estimated structural equation models of perceived avoidant and anxious father-child attachment and paternal emotional warmth, rejection, and monitoring for both groups separately because of measurement variance across countries. Nonresidential fatherhood was unrelated to perceptions of most aspects of father-child relationships among both Curaçaoan and Dutch participants. This study adds an important cross-country perspective to the current literature on nonresidential fatherhood and tentatively suggests that correlates of nonresidential fatherhood for father-child relationships might be less evident than previous studies suggest. Instead, young people's socioeconomic status (SES) and the frequency of contact between fathers and children seem to be more important for father-child attachment and paternal rearing behaviors. Further research across demographic characteristics and child outcomes is required to understand whether, when, and how nonresidence of the biological father might affect child well-being and development in different countries. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2023 APA, all rights reserved).

中文翻译：

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库拉索岛和荷兰青少年和年轻人的非居住父亲关系和父子关系。

在父子关系的不同方面，与非居民亲生父亲一起长大被认为是有问题的，但目前尚不清楚，在这种家庭结构更常见、因此可能较少受到耻辱的国家，经历非居民父亲身份是否问题较小。对非居住父亲身份的跨国研究很少，特别是在加勒比海国家，许多孩子在没有亲生父亲的情况下长大。本研究探讨了库拉索岛和荷兰青少年和年轻人中非居住父亲身份与父子关系质量以及父亲养育行为之间的关联。库拉索岛 (n = 450) 和荷兰 (n = 585) 参与者在课堂上完成了数字调查问卷，使用库拉索岛和荷兰的相同程序。由于各国的测量差异，我们分别估计了两组的感知回避和焦虑父子依恋以及父亲情感温暖、拒绝和监测的结构方程模型。非居住父亲身份与库拉索岛和荷兰参与者对父子关系大多数方面的看法无关。这项研究为当前有关非居住父亲身份的文献增添了重要的跨国视角，并初步表明，非居住父亲身份与父子关系的相关性可能不如以前的研究表明的那么明显。相反，年轻人的社会经济地位（SES）和父亲与孩子之间的接触频率似乎对父子依恋和父亲教养行为更为重要。需要对人口特征和儿童结局进行进一步的研究，以了解生父不居住是否、何时以及如何影响不同国家儿童的福祉和发展。（PsycInfo 数据库记录 (c) 2023 APA，保留所有权利）。