: This review describes the specific features of families of Conus venom peptides (conotoxins or conopeptides) that represent twelve pharmacological classes. Members of these conopeptide families are targeted to voltage-gated ion channels, such as calcium, sodium, and potassium channels. The conopeptides covered in this work include omega-conotoxins and contryphans with calcium channels as targets; mu-conotoxins, muO-conotoxins, muP-conotoxins, delta-conotoxins and iota-conotoxin with sodium channels as targets; and kappa-conotoxins, kappaM-conotoxins, kappaO-conotoxin, conkunitzins, and conorfamide with potassium channels as targets. The review covers the peptides that have been characterized over the last two decades with respect to their physiological targets and/or potential pharmacological applications, or those that have been discovered earlier but with noteworthy features elucidated in more recent studies. Some of these peptides have the potential to be developed as therapies for nerve, muscle, and heart conditions associated with dysfunctions in voltage-gated ion channels. The gating process of an ion channel subtype in neurons triggers various biological activities, including regulation of gene expression, contraction, neurotransmitter secretion, and transmission of electrical impulses. Studies on conopeptides and their interactions with calcium, sodium, and potassium channels provide evidence for Conus peptides as neuroscience research probes and therapeutic leads

中文翻译：

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靶向钙、钠和钾通道的圆锥肽的药理学类别

：这篇综述描述了代表十二个药理学类别的芋螺毒液肽（芋螺毒素或芋螺肽）家族的具体特征。这些锥肽家族的成员针对电压门控离子通道，例如钙、钠和钾通道。这项工作涵盖的锥肽包括以钙通道为靶点的 omega-芋螺毒素和角锥菌素；以钠通道为靶标的 mu-芋螺毒素、muO-芋螺毒素、mP-芋螺毒素、δ-芋螺毒素和 iota-芋螺毒素；以及以钾通道为目标的 kappa-芋螺毒素、kappaM-芋螺毒素、kappaO-芋螺毒素、conkunitzins 和 conorfamide。该综述涵盖了过去二十年在生理目标和/或潜在药理学应用方面已被表征的肽，或较早发现但在最近的研究中阐明的具有显着特征的肽。其中一些肽有可能被开发为治疗与电压门控离子通道功能障碍相关的神经、肌肉和心脏疾病的药物。神经元中离子通道亚型的门控过程触发各种生物活动，包括基因表达、收缩、神经递质分泌和电脉冲传输的调节。对圆锥肽及其与钙、钠和钾通道相互作用的研究为圆锥肽作为神经科学研究探针和治疗先导提供了证据