Wetlands cover a small portion of the world, but have disproportionate influence on global carbon (C) sequestration, carbon dioxide and methane emissions, and aquatic C fluxes. However, the underlying biogeochemical processes that affect wetland C pools and fluxes are complex and dynamic, making measurements of wetland C challenging. Over decades of research, many observational, experimental, and analytical approaches have been developed to understand and quantify pools and fluxes of wetland C. Sampling approaches range in their representation of wetland C from short to long timeframes and local to landscape spatial scales. This review summarizes common and cutting-edge methodological approaches for quantifying wetland C pools and fluxes. We first define each of the major C pools and fluxes and provide rationale for their importance to wetland C dynamics. For each approach, we clarify what component of wetland C is measured and its spatial and temporal representativeness and constraints. We describe practical considerations for each approach, such as where and when an approach is typically used, who can conduct the measurements (expertise, training requirements), and how approaches are conducted, including considerations on equipment complexity and costs. Finally, we review key covariates and ancillary measurements that enhance the interpretation of findings and facilitate model development. The protocols that we describe to measure soil, water, vegetation, and gases are also relevant for related disciplines such as ecology. Improved quality and consistency of data collection and reporting across studies will help reduce global uncertainties and develop management strategies to use wetlands as nature-based climate solutions.

湿地覆盖世界一小部分，但对全球碳 (C) 固存、二氧化碳和甲烷排放以及水生碳通量有着不成比例的影响。然而，影响湿地碳库和通量的潜在生物地球化学过程是复杂且动态的，使得湿地碳的测量具有挑战性。经过数十年的研究，已经开发了许多观测、实验和分析方法来理解和量化湿地 C 的池和通量。采样方法在湿地 C 的表示中从短到长的时间范围以及局部到景观空间尺度。本综述总结了量化湿地碳库和通量的常见和前沿方法。我们首先定义了每个主要的碳库和通量，并提供了它们对湿地碳动态重要性的基本原理。对于每种方法，我们阐明了测量湿地 C 的哪些组成部分及其时空代表性和约束。我们描述了每种方法的实际考虑因素，例如通常在何时何地使用某种方法、谁可以进行测量（专业知识、培训要求）以及如何进行方法，包括对设备复杂性和成本的考虑。最后，我们回顾了关键的协变量和辅助测量，以增强对结果的解释并促进模型开发。我们描述的测量土壤、水、植被和气体的协议也与生态学等相关学科相关。提高各研究数据收集和报告的质量和一致性将有助于减少全球不确定性并制定管理战略，以利用湿地作为基于自然的气候解决方案。