Cavernous venous malformations (CavVMs) account for a spectrum of lesions with a shared pathogenesis. Their anatomical location dictates their clinical features and surgical treatment. Extradural and dura-based CavVMs were discussed in Part 1 of this review. In this part, intradural CavVMs are discussed, encompassing malformations growing within the intradural space without direct dural involvement. In addition to classic intra-axial CavVMs, cranial nerve CavVMs, intraventricular CavVMs, and intradural extramedullary spinal CavVMs are discussed in this group, given the similar natural history and specific management challenges. Herein the authors focus on critical clinical aspects of and surgical management of these malformations based on their location and discuss optimal surgical approaches at each of these anatomical locations with illustrative cases. The commonalities of the natural history and surgical management that are dictated by anatomical considerations lend to a new location-based taxonomy for classification of CavVMs.

海绵状静脉畸形（CavVM）是一系列具有共同发病机制的病变。它们的解剖位置决定了它们的临床特征和手术治疗。本综述的第 1 部分讨论了硬膜外和基于硬脑膜的 CavVM。在这一部分中，讨论了硬膜内 CavVM，包括硬膜内空间内生长的畸形，但没有直接累及硬脑膜。除了经典的轴内 CavVM 之外，鉴于相似的自然史和具体的管理挑战，本组还讨论了颅神经 CavVM、脑室内 CavVM 和硬膜内髓外脊髓 CavVM。在本文中，作者根据这些畸形的位置重点关注这些畸形的关键临床方面和手术治疗，并通过说明性病例讨论了每个解剖位置的最佳手术方法。由解剖学考虑决定的自然史和手术管理的共性为 CavVM 的分类提供了一种新的基于位置的分类法。