The labour market effects of automation have gained significant attention from scholars and policymakers. Concerns about negative effects are important in emerging countries, where a rapid acceleration of robot adoption and an increasing involvement in global value chains have been observed in recent years, with the subsequent increase in exposure to foreign competition. This paper estimates the effect of local and foreign robots on labour market outcomes and labour shares using a panel dataset composed of 16 sectors and ten emerging countries from 2008 to 2014. The endogeneity of robots' adoption is addressed with an instrumental variables approach and using a shift-share index of exposure to foreign robots. The main results for all sectors show that foreign robot adoption has negatively affected employment in emerging countries. When exploring sectoral heterogeneity, we find that the foreign robots' negative effect on employment has occurred in many sectors, being more prominent in those with higher exposure to foreign robots. Moreover, we found small and negative inter-sectoral spillover effects of local robots on employment and wages. Finally, the results also show that the labour share is affected in some sectors of emerging countries by both the use of local and foreign robots.

中文翻译：

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自动化对新兴国家劳动力市场结果的影响

自动化对劳动力市场的影响引起了学者和政策制定者的高度关注。在新兴国家，对负面影响的担忧很重要，近年来，这些国家机器人的采用速度迅速加快，全球价值链的参与度不断提高，随之而来的是外国竞争的风险增加。本文使用 2008 年至 2014 年由 16 个部门和 10 个新兴国家组成的面板数据集估计了本地和外国机器人对劳动力市场结果和劳动力份额的影响。机器人采用的内生性通过工具变量方法和使用外国机器人暴露程度的转变份额指数。所有部门的主要结果表明，外国机器人的采用对新兴国家的就业产生了负面影响。在探讨行业异质性时，我们发现国外机器人对就业的负面影响在很多行业都出现，尤其是在国外机器人接触程度较高的行业更为突出。此外，我们发现本地机器人对就业和工资的部门间溢出效应较小且呈负向。最后，结果还表明，新兴国家某些部门的劳动力份额受到本地和外国机器人使用的影响。