Anger is a powerful and mostly deleterious emotion that can impair an individual's health and social relationships and that imposes considerable costs on society at large. It is a constituent of multiple psychopathologies, most notably intermittent explosive disorder. Excessive anger can drive injurious and even lethal reactive aggression. To understand its biobehavioral origins and develop appropriate therapeutic interventions, an animal model of human anger would be quite useful. The phenomena of aggression provoked by frustrative nonreward (FNR) in other animals, including species of fish, birds, and mammals, resemble those in people in whom it elicits subjectively experienced anger. The brief history presented here traces the original, overgeneralized frustration-aggression hypothesis for humans through to the discovery of operant schedule-induced attack in birds, rodents, and ourselves to the current status of FNR as a cross-species, transdiagnostic construct within the National Institute of Health Research Domain Criteria. Brain circuitry that is activated by frustration, generates felt anger and motivates reactive aggression includes discomfort reactions likely instantiated in the insula and cingulate gyrus of the salience network and reward expectancy/prediction error mediated by the ventral striatum and other structures. Caveats in establishing a paradigm for other animals that most closely matches FNR-induced anger in people include avoiding confounds with other aggression-provoking stimuli and situations, providing evidence for aggressive motivation, as well as behavior, and demonstrating activation of homologous brain structures. With appropriate regard for these caveats, developing such paradigms appears to be the best route to advancing psychopharmacological and deep brain stimulation treatments for excessive anger. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2023 APA, all rights reserved).

中文翻译：

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其他动物对令人沮丧的无奖励的反应是否是人类愤怒的模型？神经行为影响和治疗应用。

愤怒是一种强烈且大多有害的情绪，会损害个人的健康和社会关系，并给整个社会带来相当大的成本。它是多种精神病理学的组成部分，尤其是间歇性爆发性障碍。过度愤怒会引发伤害性甚至致命的反应性攻击。为了了解其生物行为起源并制定适当的治疗干预措施，人类愤怒的动物模型将非常有用。其他动物（包括鱼类、鸟类和哺乳动物）中由挫败性无奖励（FNR）引发的攻击现象与人类主观感受到的愤怒类似。这里介绍的简史追溯了最初的、过于笼统的人类挫败-攻击假说，一直到发现鸟类、啮齿动物和我们自己的操作性日程诱发攻击，再到 FNR 作为国家自然科学框架内跨物种、跨诊断结构的当前状态。健康研究所领域标准。因挫折而激活的大脑回路，产生愤怒感并激发反应性攻击，包括可能在显着网络的岛叶和扣带回中实例化的不适反应，以及由腹侧纹状体和其他结构介导的奖励期望/预测误差。为其他动物建立与 FNR 引起的人类愤怒最接近的范例时需要注意的事项包括避免与其他引发攻击性的刺激和情况混淆，为攻击性动机和行为提供证据，并证明同源大脑结构的激活。适当考虑这些警告后，开发此类范例似乎是推进针对过度愤怒的精神药理学和深部脑刺激治疗的最佳途径。（PsycInfo 数据库记录 (c) 2023 APA，保留所有权利）。