During the process of tunnel construction, it is crucial to regularly observe and measure the deformation of excavation surface and supporting structures to ensure the safety of constructors and the long-term stability of the tunnel structure. Monitoring the condition of tunnel structure usually involves measuring the deformation of specific points in the tunnel or measuring the convergence. However, traditional method of utilizing total station presents several issues such as the need for the installation of reflective prisms, susceptibility to human error, and inadequate monitoring frequency. Rapid advances in machine vision and sensor technology have brought new solutions for tunnel monitoring and measurement. These solutions include robotic total stations, ground-based real aperture radar, terrestrial laser scanning, vision-assisted laser, wireless sensor network with MEMS, and fiber optic sensing. Each technique offers unique advantages and capabilities for tunnel monitoring. This manuscript aims to provide a collective review of recent engineering cases and compare the advantages of these techniques. The ultimate goal is to facilitate the selection of measurement equipment that is most suitable for future projects.

Graphical abstract

中文翻译：

---

隧道施工期间的结构变形监测：综述

在隧道施工过程中，定期观察和测量开挖面及支护结构的变形对于保证施工人员的安全和隧道结构的长期稳定至关重要。监测隧道结构的状况通常涉及测量隧道中特定点的变形或测量收敛性。然而，传统的全站仪使用方法存在需要安装反射棱镜、容易出现人为误差以及监测频率不足等问题。机器视觉和传感器技术的快速发展为隧道监控和测量带来了新的解决方案。这些解决方案包括机器人全站仪、地面实孔径雷达、地面激光扫描、视觉辅助激光、采用 MEMS 的无线传感器网络以及光纤传感。每种技术都为隧道监测提供了独特的优势和功能。本手稿旨在对最近的工程案例进行集体回顾，并比较这些技术的优点。最终目标是促进选择最适合未来项目的测量设备。

图形概要