Plasmopara viticola is geographically widespread in grapevine-growing regions. Grapevine downy mildew disease, caused by this biotrophic pathogen, leads to considerable yield losses in viticulture annually. Because of the great significance of grapevine production and wine quality, research on this disease has been widely performed since its emergence in the 19th century. Here, we review and discuss recent understanding of this pathogen from multiple aspects, including its infection cycle, disease symptoms, genome decoding, effector biology, and management and control strategies. We highlight the identification and characterization of effector proteins with their biological roles in host–pathogen interaction, with a focus on sustainable control methods against P. viticola, especially the use of biocontrol agents and environmentally friendly compounds.

中文翻译：

---

了解葡萄霜霉病的进展：从病原体感染到疾病管理

葡萄单轴霉在地理上广泛分布于葡萄种植区。由这种生物营养病原体引起的葡萄霜霉病每年都会导致葡萄栽培的巨大产量损失。由于该病害对葡萄生产和葡萄酒品质的重要意义，自19世纪出现以来，对该病害的研究就得到了广泛的开展。在此，我们从感染周期、疾病症状、基因组解码、效应生物学以及管控策略等多个方面回顾和讨论近年来对该病原体的认识。我们重点介绍了效应蛋白的鉴定和表征及其在宿主-病原体相互作用中的生物学作用，重点是针对葡萄叶霉的可持续控制方法，特别是生物防治剂和环境友好型化合物的使用。