Because bread consumption significantly contributes to salt intake and health risk, the acceptance of low-salt reformulations has mainly been examined from an organoleptic perspective. However, the influence of cultural patterns has largely been neglected; working in the French context, our study aimed to fill this gap by considering the conflicts between health and cultural norms associated with bread, a totem food. We adopted a sequential and mixed (qualitative and quantitative) research approach based on interviews to grasp the cultural representations associated with bread and to sodium-reduction strategy and based on a quantitative survey at worksite canteens that combined the overall sensory appreciation of a reformulated bread, along with a questionnaire on motivations and attitudes. We used structural equation modeling to explore the acceptance of this new bread, as well as segment analysis to highlight the potential heterogeneity among consumers. The results showed the influence of sensory appreciation and health motivations, which were found to be highly determined by the perceived benefits of a low-salt diet. Unexpectedly, an attachment to the cultural values associated with traditional bread and seeking hedonism through salty food did not inhibit the consumption of reformulated bread. We discussed the scope of an approach embracing the normative pluralism around a totem food to better envision the future of low-salt bread in collective food services. Practical implications can help restaurant managers promote sodium-reduced meals while ensuring compliance with social normativity and cultural values.

中文翻译：

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文化因素和低盐消费：混合方法

由于面包消费会显着增加盐摄入量和健康风险，因此主要从感官角度来审查低盐重新配方的接受程度。然而，文化模式的影响在很大程度上被忽视了；在法国背景下，我们的研究旨在通过考虑与面包（一种图腾食品）相关的健康与文化规范之间的冲突来填补这一空白。我们采用了基于访谈的顺序和混合（定性和定量）研究方法，以掌握与面包和减钠策略相关的文化表征，并基于对工地食堂的定量调查，结合了对重新配制的面包的整体感官欣赏，以及关于动机和态度的调查问卷。我们使用结构方程模型来探索这种新面包的接受程度，并使用细分分析来突出消费者之间潜在的异质性。结果显示了感官欣赏和健康动机的影响，这在很大程度上取决于低盐饮食的感知益处。出乎意料的是，对传统面包相关文化价值观的依恋以及通过咸味食物寻求享乐主义并没有抑制新配方面包的消费。我们讨论了围绕图腾食品拥抱规范多元化的方法的范围，以更好地设想集体食品服务中低盐面包的未来。实际意义可以帮助餐厅管理者推广低钠膳食，同时确保遵守社会规范和文化价值观。