Background The eleventh revision of the International Classification of Diseases (ICD-11) defines the three key diagnostic criteria for gaming disorder (GD). These are loss of control over gaming, gaming as a priority over daily activities, and impaired functioning due to gaming. While this definition has implications for the prevention and treatment of GD, there is significant heterogeneity in the symptoms and etiology of GD among individuals, which results in different treatment needs. Cognitive control, emotional regulation, and reward sensitivity are three critical dimensions in the etiology model for GD. Aspects such as gender, comorbidity, motivation for gaming, stage or severity of GD, and risk factors all contribute to the heterogeneity of etiology among individuals with the disorder. Method On the basis of clinical symptoms and comorbidity characteristics among approximately 400 patients with gaming disorder, the present paper proposes a clinical typology of patients with GD based on the authors' clinical experience in treating individuals with GD. Results The findings indicated three common types of patients with GD: (i) impulsive male patients with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), (ii) dysphoria patients with dysfunctional coping skills, and (iii) isolated patients with social anxiety. The paper also discusses the presentation and treatment priority for these patients. Conclusion Personalized treatments for patients with GD should be developed to fit their individual needs. Future studies should examine the heterogeneity of GD and confirm these types, as well as obtain evidence-based information that can help in the development of personalized treatment. Treatment resources should be developed, and professionals should be trained to provide integrated individualized treatment.

中文翻译：

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游戏障碍的异质性：基于临床的类型学，用于制定个性化干预措施。

背景 国际疾病分类第十一版 (ICD-11) 定义了游戏障碍 (GD) 的三个关键诊断标准。这些包括对游戏失去控制、游戏优先于日常活动以及因游戏而导致的功能受损。虽然这一定义对 GD 的预防和治疗具有重要意义，但个体间 GD 的症状和病因存在显着的异质性，从而导致不同的治疗需求。认知控制、情绪调节和奖赏敏感性是 GD 病因模型中的三个关键维度。性别、合并症、游戏动机、GD 的阶段或严重程度以及风险因素等方面都导致了该疾病患者病因学的异质性。方法 基于约 400 名游戏成瘾患者的临床症状和合并症特征，本文根据作者治疗 GD 患者的临床经验，提出了 GD 患者的临床类型。结果 研究结果表明了 GD 患者的三种常见类型：(i) 患有注意缺陷多动障碍 (ADHD) 的冲动男性患者，(ii) 应对技能功能障碍的烦躁患者，以及 (iii) 患有社交焦虑的孤立患者。本文还讨论了这些患者的表现和治疗重点。结论 应针对 GD 患者制定个性化治疗方案，以满足其个体需求。未来的研究应该检查 GD 的异质性并确认这些类型，并获得有助于制定个性化治疗的循证信息。开发治疗资源，培养专业人员，提供综合个体化治疗。