Related-party transactions (RPTs) and transfer pricing techniques are typically used by multinational enterprises to reduce their tax obligations by shifting the income to zero or to low-tax countries. These techniques have thrived and have emerged as a significant concern for tax authorities. This study investigates the effect of tax haven utilisation on related-party sales pricing in a sample of Australian listed firms. We find that tax haven use is positively and significantly associated with related-party sales pricing. Moreover, we identify a positive and significant interaction between tax havens and earnings management with related-party sales pricing. Ownership concentration and its interaction effect with tax havens are significant predictors of the increased use of related-party sales pricing. Overall, the empirical findings demonstrate that earnings management, a high level of ownership concentration and the use of tax havens are substantial factors that enable firms to obtain tax benefits via the use of RPTs.

中文翻译：

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避税天堂的使用和关联方交易：来自澳大利亚的证据

跨国企业通常使用关联方交易（RPT）和转让定价技术，通过将收入转移到零或低税国家来减少纳税义务。这些技术已经蓬勃发展，并成为税务机关的一个重要关注点。本研究以澳大利亚上市公司为样本，调查了避税天堂的利用对关联方销售定价的影响。我们发现避税天堂的使用与关联方销售定价呈正相关且显着相关。此外，我们发现避税天堂和盈余管理与关联方销售定价之间存在积极且显着的相互作用。所有权集中度及其与避税天堂的相互作用效应是增加使用关联方销售定价的重要预测因素。总体而言，实证结果表明，盈余管理、高度的所有权集中度和避税天堂的使用是企业通过使用RPT获得税收优惠的重要因素。