Since the 1980s, working hours have tended to become more diverse and flexible. These developments impact not only the possibilities of synchronising social time but also pay levels. Duration indicators become less relevant, since they disconnect the time worked and paid from the impact of the work on employees’ lives. The objective of this paper is to analyse the effects of this disconnection by measuring the fragmentation of the working day. We propose an indicator of ‘density of daily working time’ which links two specific durations (the extent of the working day and the average daily duration of working). This indicator shows that a low density of the working day makes it possible to circumvent the minimum wage principle, particularly in the case of lower-skilled service occupations. These results raise questions about how working time is measured and about its regulation.

中文翻译：

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漫长的一天几个小时：工作时间碎片化对法国低工资的影响

自20世纪80年代以来，工作时间趋于更加多样化和灵活。这些发展不仅影响同步社交时间的可能性，还影响薪资水平。工期指标变得不那么重要，因为它们将工作时间和报酬与工作对员工生活的影响脱节。本文的目的是通过测量工作日的碎片化来分析这种脱节的影响。我们提出了一个“每日工作时间密度”的指标，它将两个特定的持续时间（工作日的长度和平均每日工作持续时间）联系起来。该指标表明，工作日的低密度使得规避最低工资原则成为可能，特别是在低技能服务职业的情况下。这些结果引发了关于如何衡量工作时间及其监管的问题。