Abstract: Fighting cancer remains one of the greatest challenges for science in the 21st century. Advances in immunotherapy against different types of cancer have greatly contributed to the treatment, remission, and cure of patients. In this context, knowledge of epigenetic phenomena, their relationship with tumor cells and how the immune system can be epigenetically modulated represent some of the greatest advances in the development of anticancer therapies. Epigenetics is a rapidly growing field that studies how environmental factors can affect gene expression without altering DNA sequence. Epigenomic changes include DNA methylation, histone modifications, and non-coding RNA regulation, which impact cellular function. Epigenetics has shown promise in developing cancer therapies, such as immunotherapy, which aims to stimulate the immune system to attack cancer cells. For example, PD-1 and PD-L1 are biomarkers that regulate the immune response to cancer cells and recent studies have shown that epigenetic modifications can affect their expression, potentially influencing the efficacy of immunotherapy. New therapies targeting epigenetic modifications, such as histone deacetylases and DNA methyltransferases, are being developed for cancer treatment, and some have shown promise in preclinical studies and clinical trials. With growing understanding of epigenetic regulation, we can expect more personalized and effective cancer immunotherapies in the future. This review highlights key advances in the use of epigenetic and epigenomic tools and modern immuno-oncology strategies to treat several types of tumors.

Keywords: epigenetics, epigenomics, PD-1, PD-L1, epigenetic biomarkers, oncology, immunotherapy


中文翻译：

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表观基因组驱动的个性化癌症免疫治疗策略

摘要：抗击癌症仍然是 21 世纪科学面临的最大挑战之一。针对不同类型癌症的免疫疗法的进展极大地促进了患者的治疗、缓解和治愈。在这种背景下，对表观遗传现象、它们与肿瘤细胞的关系以及如何表观遗传调节免疫系统的了解代表了抗癌疗法发展中的一些最伟大的进步。表观遗传学是一个快速发展的领域，研究环境因素如何在不改变 DNA 序列的情况下影响基因表达。表观基因组变化包括 DNA 甲基化、组蛋白修饰和非编码 RNA 调节，这些都会影响细胞功能。表观遗传学在开发癌症疗法方面显示出了前景，例如免疫疗法，其目的是刺激免疫系统攻击癌细胞。例如，PD-1和PD-L1是调节癌细胞免疫反应的生物标志物，最近的研究表明表观遗传修饰可以影响它们的表达，从而可能影响免疫治疗的疗效。针对表观遗传修饰（例如组蛋白脱乙酰酶和 DNA 甲基转移酶）的新疗法正在开发用于癌症治疗，其中一些已在临床前研究和临床试验中显示出前景。随着对表观遗传调控的了解不断加深，我们可以期待未来更加个性化和有效的癌症免疫疗法。本综述重点介绍了使用表观遗传学和表观基因组工具以及现代免疫肿瘤学策略治疗多种类型肿瘤的关键进展。

关键词：表观遗传学、表观基因组学、PD-1、PD-L1、表观遗传生物标志物、肿瘤学、免疫治疗