Violence against children affects their well-being globally, with a greater burden in low-and middle-income countries (LMICs). This scoping review aimed to summarize the available evidence on parenting programs for reducing violence against children in LMICs and identify knowledge gaps in this area. Six English databases and gray literature were systematically searched to identify studies in LMICs that examined the efficacy of parenting programs to prevent violence against children, before April 15, 2023. A total of 4,183 independent studies were identified, of which 31 met the inclusion criteria. The majority were conducted in Africa and Asia, delivered by trained local community/childcare workers and lay workers, and targeted younger children aged <10 years. Although the core modules varied in terms of number of group sessions and age of the children, the majority emphasized the importance of building a positive relationship with children and nonviolent discipline strategies. The vast majority demonstrated intervention efficacy in reducing general maltreatment and physical and emotional abuse, and improving positive parenting. Ineffective programs for violence tended to be characterized by self-designed programs, small sample sizes, and low corporal punishment levels in the baseline assessment. In conclusion, parenting programs are promising for preventing and reducing the risk factors for violence in LMICs. Future intervention studies should expand to low-income countries outside Eastern Africa with more trials targeting older children, utilizing direct observational assessments, designing core modules relevant to child neglect, involving more male caregivers, and conducting long-term follow-up assessments.

中文翻译：

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对低收入和中等收入国家防止暴力侵害儿童的育儿计划进行范围审查。

针对儿童的暴力行为影响着全球儿童的福祉，其中低收入和中等收入国家 (LMIC) 的负担更大。本次范围审查旨在总结关于减少中低收入国家儿童暴力行为的育儿计划的现有证据，并确定该领域的知识差距。我们系统地检索了 6 个英文数据库和灰色文献，以确定 2023 年 4 月 15 日之前中低收入国家的研究，这些研究检查了养育计划对预防儿童暴力的有效性。共确定了 4,183 项独立研究，其中 31 项符合纳入标准。大多数是在非洲和亚洲进行的，由训练有素的当地社区/儿童保育人员和非专业工作人员进行，目标对象是 10 岁以下的儿童。尽管核心模块在小组会议数量和儿童年龄方面有所不同，但大多数都强调与儿童建立积极关系和非暴力管教策略的重要性。绝大多数人都表现出干预措施在减少一般虐待、身体和情感虐待以及改善积极养育方面的功效。无效的暴力方案往往具有自行设计的方案、样本量小以及基线评估中体罚水平较低的特点。总之，育儿计划有望预防和减少中低收入国家的暴力风险因素。未来的干预研究应扩展到东非以外的低收入国家，开展更多针对年龄较大儿童的试验，利用直接观察评估，设计与儿童忽视相关的核心模块，让更多男性照顾者参与，并进行长期跟踪评估。