Unique dental conditions in children include odontogenic cysts and tumors, hereditary dental diseases, developmental anomalies, and lesions associated with the eruption of the primary or permanent teeth. Many of these conditions have long lasting effects on the adult dentition in terms of affecting esthetics, function, and overall quality of life. Inherited dental syndromes affect the dental hard tissues specifically the enamel, dentin, and/or cementum in a generalized manner, involving both primary and permanent teeth. These conditions manifest in altered quality or quantity of the hard tissues, leading to fragility, tooth loss and dental diseases such as caries, periapical pathology, and periodontal disease. This category includes amelogenesis imperfecta, dentinogenesis imperfecta, dentin dysplasia, hypophosphatasia, and hypophosphatemia. Developmental defects such as regional odontodysplasia are defined by involvement of the primary and permanent dentition in a localized manner, identified in early childhood. This review will elaborate on the histologic findings in these selected dental conditions with a discussion on clinical and radiographic findings, as well as molecular features wherever appropriate.

中文翻译：

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对儿科患者具有组织学特征的选定牙齿异常的回顾。

儿童独特的牙齿疾病包括牙源性囊肿和肿瘤、遗传性牙齿疾病、发育异常以及与乳牙或恒牙萌出相关的病变。其中许多情况对成人牙列产生长期持久的影响，影响美观、功能和整体生活质量。遗传性牙齿综合征以普遍的方式影响牙齿硬组织，特别是牙釉质、牙本质和/或牙骨质，涉及乳牙和恒牙。这些情况表现为硬组织质量或数量的改变，导致脆弱、牙齿脱落和牙科疾病，如龋齿、根尖周病变和牙周病。该类别包括釉质生成不全、牙本质生成不全、牙本质发育不良、低磷酸酯酶症和低磷酸盐血症。发育缺陷，如区域性牙发育不良，是指乳牙和恒牙列以局部方式受累，在幼儿期发现。本综述将详细阐述这些选定牙科疾病的组织学结果，并讨论临床和放射学结果以及适当的分子特征。