We organize image types by their substantive relationship with textual claims and discuss their impact on attention, comprehension, memory, and judgment. Photos do not need to be false (altered or generated) to mislead; real photos can create a slanted representation or be repurposed from different events. Even semantically related non-probative photos, merely inserted to attract eyeballs, can increase message acceptance through increased fluency. Messages with images receive more attention and reach a wider audience. Text-congruent images can scaffold the comprehension of true and false claims and support the formation of correct and false memories. Standard laboratory procedures may underestimate the impact of images in natural media contexts: by drawing all participants' attention to a message that may be ignored without an image, they inflate message effects in the control condition. Misleading images are difficult to identify and their influence often remains outside of awareness, making it hard to curb their influence through critical-thinking interventions. Current concerns about deep fakes may reduce trust in all images, potentially limiting their power to mislead as well as inform. More research is needed to understand how knowing that an image is misleading influences inferences, impressions, and judgments beyond immediate assessments of the image's credibility.

中文翻译：

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图像误导：图像如何影响对真相的看法以及对此可以采取的措施

我们根据图像类型与文本主张的实质性关系来组织图像类型，并讨论它们对注意力、理解、记忆和判断的影响。照片不一定是虚假的（更改或生成的）才能产生误导；真实照片可以创建倾斜的表示或根据不同的事件重新调整用途。即使只是为了吸引眼球而插入的语义相关的非证明性照片，也可以通过提高流畅性来提高信息接受度。带有图像的消息会受到更多关注并覆盖更广泛的受众。文本一致的图像可以促进对真假主张的理解，并支持正确和错误记忆的形成。标准实验室程序可能会低估图像在自然媒体环境中的影响：通过将所有参与者的注意力吸引到没有图像就可能被忽略的消息上，他们夸大了控制条件下的消息效果。误导性图像很难识别，它们的影响往往不为人所知，因此很难通过批判性思维干预来遏制它们的影响。当前对深度造假的担忧可能会降低对所有图像的信任，从而可能限制它们误导和告知的能力。需要更多的研究来了解知道图像具有误导性会如何影响推断、印象和判断，而不仅仅是对图像可信度的直接评估。