CONTEXT Vitamin D status has previously been associated with cardiometabolic risk markers in children and adolescents. In particular, it has been suggested that children with obesity are more prone to vitamin D deficiency and unfavorable metabolic outcomes compared with healthy-weight children. OBJECTIVE To conduct a longitudinal study assessing this association in children and stratify by body mass index (BMI) category. METHODS Children from the pan-European IDEFICS/I.Family cohort with at least one measurement of serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D [25(OH)D] at cohort entry or follow-up (n = 2171) were included in this study. Linear mixed-effect models were used to assess the association between serum 25(OH)D as an independent variable and z-scores of cardiometabolic risk markers (waist circumference, systolic [SBP] and diastolic blood pressure [DBP], high- [HDL] and low-density lipoprotein, non-HDL, triglycerides [TRG], apolipoprotein A1 [ApoA1] and ApoB, fasting glucose [FG], homeostatic model assessment for insulin resistance [HOMA-IR], and metabolic syndrome score) as dependent variables. RESULTS After adjustment for age, sex, study region, smoking and alcohol status, sports club membership, screen time, BMI, parental education, and month of blood collection, 25(OH)D levels were inversely associated with SBP, DBP, FG, HOMA-IR, and TRG. The HOMA-IR z-score decreased by 0.07 units per 5 ng/mL increase in 25(OH)D. The 25(OH)D level was consistently associated with HOMA-IR irrespective of sex or BMI category. CONCLUSION Low serum 25(OH)D concentrations are associated with unfavorable levels of cardiometabolic markers in children and adolescents. Interventions to improve vitamin D levels in children with a poor status early in life may help to reduce cardiometabolic risk.

中文翻译：

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儿童和青少年维生素 D 状态与心脏代谢风险标志物之间的纵向关联。

背景 维生素 D 状态此前已被认为与儿童和青少年的心脏代谢风险标志物相关。特别是，有人认为，与健康体重的儿童相比，肥胖儿童更容易缺乏维生素 D 和不利的代谢结果。目的 进行一项纵向研究，评估儿童中的这种关联，并按体重指数 (BMI) 类别进行分层。方法 本研究纳入了来自泛欧 IDEFICS/I.Family 队列的儿童，在队列进入或随访时至少测量过一次血清 25-羟基维生素 D [25(OH)D] (n = 2171)。使用线性混合效应模型评估作为自变量的血清 25(OH)D 与心脏代谢风险标志物 z 分数（腰围、收缩压 [SBP] 和舒张压 [DBP]、高 [HDL] ] 和低密度脂蛋白、非 HDL、甘油三酯 [TRG]、载脂蛋白 A1 [ApoA1] 和 ApoB、空腹血糖 [FG]、胰岛素抵抗稳态模型评估 [HOMA-IR] 和代谢综合征评分）作为因变量。结果在调整年龄、性别、研究地区、吸烟和饮酒状况、体育俱乐部会员资格、屏幕时间、BMI、父母教育程度和采血月份后，25(OH)D 水平与 SBP、DBP、FG 呈负相关。 HOMA-IR 和 TRG。25(OH)D 每增加 5 ng/mL，HOMA-IR z 分数就会降低 0.07 个单位。无论性别或 BMI 类别如何，25(OH)D 水平始终与 HOMA-IR 相关。结论 低血清 25(OH)D 浓度与儿童和青少年心脏代谢标志物的不利水平相关。提高生命早期状况不佳儿童维生素 D 水平的干预措施可能有助于降低心脏代谢风险。