The term "unmarried" mothers is widely used in South Korea to indicate that carrying a baby without marriage is not culturally acceptable. A societal stigma, which single mothers experience, causes more abortion and doubles the burden of parenting alone. This study aimed to identify what type of information (onset/before pregnancy controllability, offset/after pregnancy ability and effort) contributes to reducing stigmatization toward unmarried mothers. The findings showed that offset effort information has a robust impact on participants' cognitive, affective, and behavioral responses toward mothers of newborns out of wedlock across the three studies (n = 275; n = 266; n = 227, respectively) with different targets (a minor and an adult of 25 years old) and different participants (college students and adults above 30 years old). This pro-effort bias increased behavioral intentions of helping single mothers through the moderators of onset controllability and offset ability and the mediators of cognitive and affective responses. In particular, Study 2 found individual differences, such as type of interpersonal attitude, gender-role attitude, and family communication style moderated the relationship of offset effort with behavioral intentions. Mothers who made an effort to build a better future were ascribed fewer negative stereotypes, evoked more positive emotions, and were considered to deserve more help and support from the public. The findings have implications for communication interventions to lower prejudice against unwed mothers in South Korea. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2023 APA, all rights reserved).

中文翻译：

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可控性、资源和努力在减少对“未婚”母亲的偏见方面的作用。

“未婚”母亲一词在韩国被广泛使用，表明未婚生子在文化上是不可接受的。单身母亲所经历的社会耻辱导致更多的堕胎，并使独自养育子女的负担加倍。本研究旨在确定哪些类型的信息（开始/怀孕前的可控性、抵消/怀孕后的能力和努力）有助于减少对未婚母亲的污名化。研究结果表明，在具有不同目标的三项研究（分别为 n = 275；n = 266；n = 227）中，抵消努力信息对参与者对非婚生新生儿母亲的认知、情感和行为反应具有显着影响（未成年人和25岁以上的成年人）和不同的参与者（大学生和30岁以上的成年人）。这种支持努力的偏见通过起始可控性和抵消能力的调节因素以及认知和情感反应的调节因素增加了帮助单身母亲的行为意图。特别是，研究2发现个体差异，如人际态度类型、性别角色态度和家庭沟通方式调节了抵消努力与行为意图的关系。那些努力建设更美好未来的母亲被认为更少负面刻板印象，唤起更多积极情绪，并被认为应该得到公众更多的帮助和支持。研究结果对减少韩国未婚母亲偏见的沟通干预具有重要意义。（PsycInfo 数据库记录 (c) 2023 APA，保留所有权利）。