Naturally occurring life stages in women are associated with changes in the milieu of endogenous ovarian hormones. Women of childbearing age may be exposed to exogenous ovarian hormone(s) due to their use of varying combinations of estrogen and progesterone hormones-containing oral contraceptives (OC; also known as "the pill"). If women suffer central nervous system (CNS) injury such as spinal cord injury (SCI) and traumatic brain injury (TBI) during their childbearing age, they are likely to retain their reproductive capabilities and may use OC. Many deleterious side effects of long-term OC use have been reported, such as aberrant blood clotting and endothelial dysfunction which consequently increase the risk of myocardial infarction, venous thromboembolism, and ischemic brain injury. Although controversial, studies have suggested that OC use is associated with neuropsychiatric ramifications, including uncontrollable mood swings and poorer cognitive performance. Our understanding about how the combination of endogenous hormones and OC-conferred exogenous hormones affect outcomes after CNS injuries remains limited. Therefore, understanding the impact of OC use on CNS injury outcomes needs further investigation to reveal underlying mechanisms, promote reporting in clinical or epidemiological studies, and raise awareness of possible compounded consequences. The goal of the current review is to discuss the impacts of CNS injury on endogenous ovarian hormones and vice-versa, as well as the putative consequences of exogenous ovarian hormones (OC) on the CNS to identify potential gaps in our knowledge to consider for future laboratory, epidemiological, and clinical studies.

中文翻译：

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中枢神经系统损伤中激素避孕使用的观点。

女性自然发生的生命阶段与内源性卵巢激素环境的变化有关。育龄妇女可能由于使用不同组合的含有雌激素和孕激素的口服避孕药（OC；也称为“避孕药”）而接触外源性卵巢激素。如果女性在育龄期间遭受中枢神经系统（CNS）损伤，例如脊髓损伤（SCI）和创伤性脑损伤（TBI），她们很可能保留生育能力并可能使用OC。据报道，长期使用口服避孕药会产生许多有害副作用，例如异常凝血和内皮功能障碍，从而增加心肌梗塞、静脉血栓栓塞和缺血性脑损伤的风险。尽管存在争议，但研究表明，口服避孕药的使用与神经精神后果有关，包括无法控制的情绪波动和较差的认知能力。我们对内源性激素和 OC 赋予的外源性激素的组合如何影响中枢神经系统损伤后的结果的了解仍然有限。因此，了解OC的使用对中枢神经系统损伤结果的影响需要进一步研究，以揭示潜在的机制，促进临床或流行病学研究的报告，并提高对可能的复合后果的认识。本综述的目的是讨论中枢神经系统损伤对内源性卵巢激素的影响，反之亦然，以及外源性卵巢激素（OC）对中枢神经系统的假定后果，以确定我们知识中的潜在差距，以供未来考虑实验室、流行病学和临床研究。