The bovine respiratory disease complex (BRDC) is caused by a variety of pathogens, as well as contributing environmental and host-related risk factors. BRDC is the costliest disease for feedlot cattle globally. Immunohistochemistry (IHC) is a valuable tool for enhancing our understanding of BRDC given its specificity, sensitivity, cost-effectiveness, and capacity to provide information on antigen localization and immune response. Emerging trends in IHC include the use of multiplex IHC for the detection of coinfections, the use of digital imaging and automation, improved detection systems using enhanced fluorescent dyes, and the integration of IHC with spatial transcriptomics. Overall, identifying biomarkers for early detection, utilizing high-throughput IHC for large-scale studies, developing standardized protocols and reagents, and integrating IHC with other technologies are some of the opportunities to enhance the accuracy and applicability of IHC. We summarize here the various techniques and protocols used in IHC and highlight their current and potential role in BRDC research.

中文翻译：

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使用免疫组织化学检测牛呼吸道疾病复杂病原体的概述：新兴趋势和机遇。

牛呼吸道疾病综合征（BRDC）是由多种病原体以及环境和宿主相关危险因素引起的。BRDC 是全球饲养场牛最昂贵的疾病。免疫组织化学 (IHC) 具有特异性、敏感性、成本效益以及提供抗原定位和免疫反应信息的能力，是增强我们对 BRDC 理解的宝贵工具。IHC 的新兴趋势包括使用多重 IHC 检测共感染、使用数字成像和自动化、使用增强型荧光染料改进检测系统以及 IHC 与空间转录组学的集成。总体而言，识别早期检测的生物标志物、利用高通量 IHC 进行大规模研究、开发标准化方案和试剂以及将 IHC 与其他技术相结合是提高 IHC 准确性和适用性的一些机会。我们在此总结了 IHC 中使用的各种技术和方案，并强调了它们在 BRDC 研究中当前和潜在的作用。