OBJECTIVE Children with sex chromosome trisomy (SCT) have an increased risk for suboptimal development. Difficulties with language are frequently reported, start from a very young age, and encompass various domains. This cross-sectional study examined social orientation with eye tracking and physiological arousal responses to gain more knowledge on how children perceive and respond to communicative bids and evaluated the associations between social orientation and language outcomes, concurrently and 1 year later. METHOD In total, 107 children with SCT (33 XXX, 50 XXY, and 24 XYY) and 102 controls (58 girls and 44 boys) aged between 1 and 7 years were included. Assessments took place in the USA and Western Europe. A communicative bids eye tracking paradigm, physiological arousal measures, and receptive and expressive language outcomes were used. RESULTS Compared to controls, children with SCT showed reduced attention to the face and eyes of the on-screen interaction partner and reduced physiological arousal sensitivity in response to direct versus averted gaze. In addition, social orientation to the mouth was related to concurrent receptive and expressive language abilities in 1-year-old children with SCT. CONCLUSIONS Children with SCT may experience difficulties with social communication that extend past the well-recognized risk for early language delays. These difficulties may underlie social-behavioral problems that have been described in the SCT population and are an important target for early monitoring and support.

中文翻译：

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性染色体三体（XXY、XXX、XYY）幼儿的社交沟通：一项使用眼动追踪和心率测量的研究。

目的 患有性染色体三体性 (SCT) 的儿童发育不良的风险增加。语言方面的困难经常被报道，从很小的时候就开始，并且涵盖各个领域。这项横断面研究通过眼动追踪和生理唤醒反应检查了社会取向，以获得更多关于儿童如何感知和响应交际指令的知识，并同时和一年后评估了社会取向和语言结果之间的关联。方法 总共纳入 107 名 SCT 儿童（33 XXX、50 XXY 和 24 XYY）和 102 名年龄在 1 至 7 岁之间的对照组（58 名女孩和 44 名男孩）。评估在美国和西欧进行。使用了交际性眼球追踪范式、生理唤醒测量以及接受性和表达性语言结果。结果 与对照组相比，患有 SCT 的儿童对屏幕上互动伙伴的面部和眼睛的注意力减少，对直接凝视和回避凝视的生理唤醒敏感性降低。此外，口腔的社会取向与 1 岁 SCT 儿童同时接受和表达的语言能力有关。结论 患有 SCT 的儿童可能会遇到社交沟通困难，其程度超出了众所周知的早期语言发育迟缓的风险。这些困难可能是 SCT 人群中描述的社会行为问题的根源，也是早期监测和支持的重要目标。