Celiac disease (CD) is a chronic small intestinal immune-mediated enteropathy precipitated by exposure to dietary gluten in genetically predisposed individuals. The worldwide prevalence of CD is estimated to be 0.7–1.4% of the general population. Etiopathology of this disease is multifactorial, with genetic determinants being a major contributing player to CD susceptibility. Its manifestation embraces different organs, including the musculoskeletal apparat. Patients with CD have increased risk of bone disorders. According to data, bone disorders – osteopenia and osteoporosis – can affect up to 70% of patients with CD at diagnosis, and it decreases after the initiation of a gluten-free diet. Gluten consumption in patients with CD triggers an inflammatory reaction followed by tissue damage, and both; local and systemic inflammation can increase the risk of bone mass deterioration. Other theory assumes shortages of vitamin D and an impaired calcium absorption mechanism leading to secondary hyperparathyroidism. Taking into account the increasing prevalence of CD and osteoporosis, we broadly discuss genetic, immunological, dietary, gut microbiota, and environmental factors that could increase the risk of osteoporosis in CD. Furthermore, we discuss lifestyle and pharmacological preventing and treatment measures.

乳糜泻 (CD) 是一种慢性小肠免疫介导性肠病，是由于遗传易感人群接触膳食麸质而引发的。据估计，全球 CD 患病率为总人口的 0.7-1.4%。这种疾病的病因病理学是多因素的，其中遗传决定因素是 CD 易感性的主要影响因素。它的表现涵盖不同的器官，包括肌肉骨骼装置。CD 患者患骨疾病的风险增加。根据数据，骨骼疾病（骨质减少和骨质疏松症）可能会影响高达 70% 的 CD 诊断患者，并且在开始无麸质饮食后，这种情况会有所减少。克罗恩病患者摄入麸质会引发炎症反应，进而导致组织损伤，或者两者兼而有之；局部和全身炎症会增加骨质恶化的风险。其他理论认为维生素 D 短缺和钙吸收机制受损会导致继发性甲状旁腺功能亢进。考虑到 CD 和骨质疏松症的患病率不断增加，我们广泛讨论了可能增加 CD 骨质疏松症风险的遗传、免疫、饮食、肠道微生物群和环境因素。此外，我们还讨论了生活方式和药物预防和治疗措施。