Background Innate immune cells play a crucial role in responding to microbial infections, but their improper activation can also drive inflammatory disease. For this reason, their activation state is governed by a multitude of factors, including the metabolic state of the cell and, more specifically, the individual metabolites which accumulate intra- and extra-cellularly. This relationship is bidirectional, as innate immune cell activation by pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) causes critical changes in cellular metabolism. Summary In this review we describe the emergence of various 'immunometabolites'. We outline the general characteristics of these immunometabolites, the conditions under which they accumulate, and their subsequent impact on immune cells. We delve into well-studied metabolites of recent years, such as succinate and itaconate, as well as newly emerging immunometabolites, such as methylglyoxal. Key Messages We hope that this review may be used as a framework for further studies dissecting the mechanisms by which immunometabolites regulate the immune system, and provide an outlook to harnessing these mechanisms in the treatment of inflammatory diseases.

中文翻译：

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免疫代谢物塑造免疫反应的基本机制。

背景先天免疫细胞在应对微生物感染方面发挥着至关重要的作用，但它们的不当激活也会引发炎症性疾病。因此，它们的激活状态受到多种因素的控制，包括细胞的代谢状态，更具体地说，是细胞内和细胞外积累的单个代谢物。这种关系是双向的，因为病原体相关分子模式 (PAMP) 激活先天免疫细胞会导致细胞代谢发生重大变化。总结 在这篇综述中，我们描述了各种“免疫代谢物”的出现。我们概述了这些免疫代谢物的一般特征、它们积累的条件以及它们对免疫细胞的后续影响。我们深入研究了近年来经过充分研究的代谢物，例如琥珀酸和衣康酸，以及新出现的免疫代谢物，例如甲基乙二醛。关键信息我们希望这篇综述可以作为进一步研究的框架，剖析免疫代谢物调节免疫系统的机制，并为利用这些机制治疗炎症性疾病提供前景。